Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2 0.8
u (t )
1 8t
e (2 cos(8 2 t ) 2 sin( 8 2 t ))
• This problem can be solved using the 0.6 4
1 8t
u (t ) e (2 cos(8 2 t ) 2 sin( 8 2 t ))
t
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
4 0.2
Spring Model:
Undamped Free Vibrations (1 of 4)
A
• Note that in finding , we must be careful to choose the
correct quadrant. This is done using the signs of cos and
sin .
Spring Model:
Undamped Free Vibrations (3 of 4)
• Simplifying, we obtain
u(t ) 192u (t ) 0, u (0) 1 / 6, u(0) 1
2 4mk 0 : u(t ) A Bt e t / 2m , / 2m 0
2 4mk 0 : u(t ) e t / 2m A cos t B sin t , 0
• We examine this last case. Recall
A R cos , B R sin
• Then
u(t ) R e t / 2 m cos t
and hence
u(t ) R e t / 2m
(damped oscillation)
Damped Free Vibrations: Quasi Frequency (3 of 8)
2 4mk 0 : u (t ) A Bt e t / 2 m , / 2m 0
2 4mk 0 : u(t ) e t / 2m A cos t B sin t , 0
Damped Free Vibrations:
Critical Damping Value (7 of 8)
• To find the time at which the mass first passes through the
equilibrium position, we must solve
32 t /16 255
u (t ) e
cos t 0
255 16
• Or more simply, solve
255
t
16 2
16
t 1.637 sec
255 2
Electric Circuits
The flow of current in the circuit is governed by Kirchhoff’s
second law: In a closed circuit the impressed voltage is equal
to the sum of the voltage drops in the rest of the circuit.
• The relation between charge Q and current I is
I = dQ/dt → (31)
• The voltage drop across the resistor is IR.
• The voltage drop across the capacitor is Q/C.
• The voltage drop across the inductor LdI/dt.
Hence, by Kirchhoff’s law,
𝑑𝐼 1
𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 + 𝑄 = 𝐸 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
(32)
Electric Circuits
The units for voltage, resistance, current, charge, capacitance,
inductance, and time are all related:
1 volt = 1 ohm · 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/1 farad = 1 henry · 1
ampere/second.
Substituting for I from Eq. (31), we obtain the differential
equation
″ ′ 1
𝐿𝑄 + 𝑅𝑄 + 𝑄 = 𝐸 𝑡 → (33)
𝐶
For the charge Q, the initial conditions are
Q(t0) = Q0, Q′(t0) = I(t0) = I0. → (34)
Electric Circuits
Differentiating Eq. (33) with respect to t, and then
substituting for dQ/dt from Eq. (31). The results is
1
𝐿𝐼 ″ + 𝑅𝐼 ′ + 𝐼 = 𝐸′ 𝑡 , → (35)
𝐶
with the initial conditions
I(t0) = I0, I′(t0) = I0′. → (36)
From Eq. (32) it follows that
𝐸 𝑡0 −𝑅𝐼0 − 1Τ𝐶 𝑄0
𝐼0′ = . → (37)
𝐿
Hence, I0′ is also determined by the initial charge and current,
which are physically measurable quantities.
Examples
In each of Problems 1 through 4, determine ω0, R, and δ so as
to write the given expression in the form u = R cos(ω0t − δ).
1/203) u = 3 cos 2t + 4 sin 2t
4/203) u = −2 cos πt − 3 sin πt