Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Biochemistry—An Overview
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Carbohydrates
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Photosynthesis
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Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
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Oligosaccharides
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Polysaccharides
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Mirror Images
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Practice Exercise
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Practice Exercise
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a.achiral
b.chiral
c.nonidentical
d.nonsuperimposable
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a.achiral
b.chiral
c.nonidentical
d.nonsuperimposable
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Stereoisomers
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Tetrahedral Arrangements
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a.Fischer projection
b.Haworth projection
c.Line angle
d.Expanded
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a.Fischer projection
b.Haworth projection
c.Line angle
d.Expanded
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• Properties of light:
– Ordinary light waves- Vibrate in all directions
– Plane polarized light waves - Vibrate only in one
direction
• Plane-polarized light is rotated clockwise (to
right) or counterclockwise (to left) when passed
through enantiomers
– Direction and extent of rotation will depend upon the
concentration of the enantiomer
– Same concentration of two enantiomers rotates light
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Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
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Exercise
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Exercise
a. Ketohexose
b. Aldohexose
c. Aldotetrose
d. Ketopentose
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D-Glucose
D-Galactose
• Milk sugar
• Synthesized in human beings
• Also called brain sugar
– Part of brain and nerve tissue
• Used to differentiate between blood
types
• Six-membered cyclic form
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D-Fructose
• Ketohexose
• Sweetest tasting of all sugars
– Found in many fruits and in honey
• Good dietary sugar due to
higher sweetness
• Five-membered cyclic form
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D-Ribose
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a.D-Galactose
b.D-Mannose
c.D-Glucose
d.D-Fructose
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a.D-Galactose
b.D-Mannose
c.D-Glucose
d.D-Fructose
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• 2 forms of D-Glucose:
– α-form where the –OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are
on opposite sides
– β-form where the –OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are
on the same side
6 6
CH2 OH Anomeric CH 2OH
O Carbon O OH
5 5
4 1 4
OH OH
1
2 OH 2
OH OH
3 3 Anomeric
OH OH Carbon
-D-Glucose -D-Glucose
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Anomers
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α and β Configuration
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Practice Exercise
a. It is a pentose.
b. It is a ketose.
c. Its cyclic form has a 6-membered ring.
d. Its cyclic form has two carbon atoms outside the ring.
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Practice Exercise
a. It is a pentose. Ribose
b. It is a ketose. Fructose
c. Its cyclic form has a 6-membered ring. Glucose, galactose
d. Its cyclic form has two carbon atoms outside the ring.
Fructose
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Glycloside Formation
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a.D-glucose, an aldohexose
b.D-fructose, a ketohexose
c.D-mannose, an aldohexose
d.All the above
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a.D-glucose, an aldohexose
b.D-fructose, a ketohexose
c.D-mannose, an aldohexose
d.All the above
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Cellobiose
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Lactose
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a.Maltose
b.Lactose
c.Cellobiose
d.Sucrose
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a.Maltose
b.Lactose
c.Cellobiose
d.Sucrose
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Practice Exercise
Which of these disaccharides, i.e., maltose, cellobiose,
lactose, and sucrose, have the following structural or
reaction characteristics? (There may be more than one
correct answer for a given characteristic)
a.Two different monosaccharide units are present.
Practice Exercise
Which of these disaccharides, i.e., maltose, cellobiose,
lactose, and sucrose, have the following structural or
reaction characteristics? (There may be more than one
correct answer for a given characteristic)
a.Two different monosaccharide units are present.
Lactose, sucrose
b.Hydrolysis produces only monosaccharides.
Maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose
c.Its glycosidic linkage is a “head-to-head” linkage.
Sucrose
d.It is not a reducing sugar.
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Other Oligosaccharides
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a.Raffinose
b.Stachyose
c.Solanine
d.None of the above
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a.Raffinose
b.Stachyose
c.Solanine
d.None of the above
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Characteristics of Polysaccharides
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a.heteropolysaccharide
b.homopolysaccharide
c.heteromonosaccharide
d.homomonosaccharide
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a.heteropolysaccharide
b.homopolysaccharide
c.heteromonosaccharide
d.homomonosaccharide
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Starch
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• Amylose
– Unbranched-chain polymer and accounts for 15%–
20% of the starch
– Has α(14) glycosidic bonds
• Amylopectin
– Branched chain polymer and accounts for 80%–85%
of the starch
– Has α(14) and α(16) glycosidic bonds
– Up to 100,000 glucose units are present
– Amylopectin is digested more readily by humans (can
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Glycogen
Glycogen
Glycogenesis
Glucose Glycogenolysis
glycogen
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a.glycogen; amylose
b.amylose; amylopectin
c.amylose; cellulose
d.glycogen; cellulose
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a.glycogen; amylose
b.amylose; amylopectin
c.amylose; cellulose
d.glycogen; cellulose
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Chitin
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a.Starch
b.Glycogen
c.Chitin
d.Cellulose
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a.Starch
b.Glycogen
c.Chitin
d.Cellulose
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Acidic polysaccharides
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Hyaluronic Acid
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Heparin
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a.coagulant
b.anticoagulant
c.exoskeleton
d.dietary fiber
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a.coagulant
b.anticoagulant
c.exoskeleton
d.dietary fiber
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Nutrition
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a.10%
b.25%
c.35%
d.50%
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a.10%
b.25%
c.35%
d.50%
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a.glycolipid
b.glucoprotein
c.glycoprotein
d.oligosaccharide protein
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a.glycolipid
b.glucoprotein
c.glycoprotein
d.oligosaccharide protein
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Concept Question 1
D-glucose consists of six carbon atoms. When drawn using the
Fischer projection formula, how do you determine that it is the D
isomer? How many chiral carbon centers does it have and how
many stereoisomers are possible?
a.The –OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the
right. There are five chiral centers providing 32 stereoisomers.
b.The –OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the
right. There are four chiral centers providing 16 stereoisomers.
c.The –OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the
left. There are five chiral centers providing 32 stereoisomers.
d.The –OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the
left. There are four chiral centers providing 16 stereoisomers.
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Concept Question 1
D-glucose consists of six carbon atoms. When drawn using the
Fischer projection formula, how do you determine that it is the D
isomer? How many chiral carbon centers does it have and how
many stereoisomers are possible?
a.The –OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the
right. There are five chiral centers providing 32 stereoisomers.
b.The –OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the
right. There are four chiral centers providing 16 stereoisomers.
c.The –OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the
left. There are five chiral centers providing 32 stereoisomers.
d.The –OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the
left. There are four chiral centers providing 16 stereoisomers.
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Concept Question 2
Prior to a marathon run, an athlete consumes large amounts of
complex carbohydrates to do what is known as “carbohydrate loading.”
What happens in the body to the glucose molecules present in these
complex carbohydrates and why is carbohydrate loading important?
a.The complex carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and any excess glucose, not
used for immediate energy, is stored in the form of glycogen, which can be used later as
a source of stored energy.
b.The complex carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and any excess glucose, not
used for immediate energy, is stored in the form of starch, which can be used later as a
source of stored energy.
c.The complex carbohydrates are broken down to galactose and any excess galactose,
not used for immediate energy, is stored in the form of glycogen, which can be used later
as a source of stored energy.
d.The complex carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and any excess glucose, not
used for immediate energy, is stored in the form of glycogen, which can be used later to
produce muscle tissue needed to complete the marathon. Return to TOC
Concept Question 2
Prior to a marathon run, an athlete consumes large amounts of
complex carbohydrates to do what is known as “carbohydrate loading.”
What happens in the body to the glucose molecules present in these
complex carbohydrates and why is carbohydrate loading important?
a.The complex carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and any excess glucose, not
used for immediate energy, is stored in the form of glycogen, which can be used later as
a source of stored energy.
b.The complex carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and any excess glucose, not
used for immediate energy, is stored in the form of starch, which can be used later as a
source of stored energy.
c.The complex carbohydrates are broken down to galactose and any excess galactose,
not used for immediate energy, is stored in the form of glycogen, which can be used later
as a source of stored energy.
d.The complex carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and any excess glucose, not
used for immediate energy, is stored in the form of glycogen, which can be used later to
produce muscle tissue needed to complete the marathon. Return to TOC