STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

OF ELPT (ENGLISH LANGUAGE

PROFICIENCY TEST)

PUSAT BAHASA UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

 MAIN FOCUS
1. SUBJECT
2. VERB
3. SIMPLE SENTENCES
4. COMPLEX SENTENCES
A. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
B. NOUN CLAUSE
C. ADVERB CLAUSE
SUPPLEMENTARY

1. NOUN PHRASE
2. INVERSION
 MAIN FOCUS

SUBJECT
 SUBJECT / OBJECT
Noun / Pronoun / Noun Phrase

Noun Pronouns Pronouns Pronoun Noun Phrase

Subject Object Posessive The Rocky Mountains of Colorado
Man
I me My
Women
You you your
Bacteria
They them Their A delicious meal in the kitchen
Analysis
We us Our
Imagination
He him His A perfectly long written letter
gravity
She her Her
……etc…….
It it Its ………..etc……………
 MAIN FOCUS
Uncountable Noun

sand measles money machinery cash

soap mumps homework equipment clothing
food physics information news garbage
fruit mathematics advice furniture music
meat politics air scenery traffic
work literature noise stuff knowledge
 Noun
UNCOUNTABLE COUNTABLE
 Much money  Many problems
 Amount of money  Number of problems
 Little money  Few problems
 Less money  Fewer problems
 Several problems
 Some money  Some problems

someone anyone
everyone each
no one nothing
 MAIN FOCUS
Exercise
Elizabeth has_____________
too much cars a little car
several cars a few cars
some cars less cars than Joe does

Mother sometimes gives__________________

too much advice to their children several advice to their children
a few advice to their children a little advice to their children
some advice to their children
less advice to their children than father does
 MAIN FOCUS
Answer
Elizabeth has_____________
too much cars a little car
several cars a few cars
some cars less cars than Joe does

Mother sometimes gives__________________

too much advice to their children several advice to their children
a few advice to their children a little advice to their children
some advice to their children
less advice to their children than father does
 MAIN FOCUS
Exercise
(a) Ralph,
along with his father, (is, are)
attending the game.

(b) Syndicated news (is, are) cheaper and

faster than news from independent agents.

(c) The samples on the tray in the lab

(need/needs) testing.
 MAIN FOCUS
Answer
(a) Ralph,
along with his father, (is, are)
attending the game.

(b) Syndicated news (is, are) cheaper and

faster than news from independent agents.

(c) The samples on the tray in the lab

(need/needs) testing.
 MAIN FOCUS

VERB
SIMPLE SENTENCE MAIN FOCUS

True or False
a.The student writes the letter.
b.The students wrote the letter.
c.The students writing the letter.
d. The students written the letter.
e.The students can write the letter.
f.The woman has written the letter.
g. The students are writing the letter.
SIMPLE SENTENCE MAIN FOCUS

Answer:
a.The student writes the letter.(True)
b.The students wrote the letter. (True)
c.The students writing the letter. (False)
d.The students written the letter. (False)
e.The students can write the letter. (True)
f.The woman has written the letter. (True)
g. The students are writing the letter.(True)
 PREDICATE MAIN FOCUS
Verb of a Sentence
V1 V2 V3 Ving Auxiliary Perfect
To be Modal+V1
Write Wrote Written Writing Is Can Have/has/had
Buy Bought Bought Buying Am Could + V3
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking Are May
Ving
........ ......... ........... ........... Was + V3 Might E.Q
...have written...
......... .......... ........... ........... Were Must
...has written...
Be Shall ...had written...
Study Studied Studied Studying Been Should
Analyze Analyzed Analyzed Analyzing Will
Observe Observed Observed ............ E.q. Would
........ ............ ........... ............ ...is written...
........ ............ ........... ............ ...is writing...

Note: V3 or Ving without auxiliary / to be are not VERB but ADJECTIVE.

 Exercise MAIN FOCUS

______ first pizza restaurant opened in New York City in 1895.

(A) The
(B) It was the
(C) At the
(D) It was at the

_________ without a backbone is the Atlantic squid.

(A) For the largest creature
(B) It is the largest creature
(C) The largest creature
(D) The largest creature is
 MAIN FOCUS
Answer
______ first pizza restaurant opened in New York City in 1895.
(A) The
(B) It was the
(C) At the
(D) It was at the

_________ without a backbone is the Atlantic squid.

(A) For the largest creature
(B) It is the largest creature
(C) The largest creature
(D) The largest creature is
Simple Sentence Review MAIN FOCUS

True or False
a.The student writes the letter.
b.The students writing the letter.
c. The students wrote the letter.
d.Three student writes the letter.
e. Three students are written the letter.
f.The student can writes the letter.
g.The letter has been written by the students.
h. Each student in the class writing the letter.
i. All of the students in the class are writing the letter.
Simple Sentence Review MAIN FOCUS

Answer:
a.The student writes the letter. (True)
b.The students writing the letter. (False)
c. The students wrote the letter. (True)
d.Three students writes the letter. (False)
e.The student can writes the letter. (False)
f.The letter has been written by the students. (True)
g. Each student in the class writing the letter. (False)
h. All of the students in the class are writing the letter. (True)
 MAIN FOCUS

COMPLEX SENTENCES
 MAIN FOCUS
Connectors:
Adjective Clause
who, which, whom, whose, that

Connectors:
COMPLEX Noun Clause 5W+1H (What, who, when, where,
SENTENCES why, how) + that

Connectors:
Adverb Clause Although, because, since, … etc
 Answer & Compare! MAIN FOCUS

______ first pizza restaurant opened in New York City in 1895.

(A) The
(B) It was the 1
(C) At the Verb
(D) It was at the

_______ was late, I missed the appointment.

(A) I
(B) Because
2 Verbs,
(C) Despite
(D) Since he 1 connector
Recognize Preposisition
In With Through Despite
On Without Toward In spite of
At Of Beyond Due to
Behind By during Because of
Beside From Until Instead of
Near About
over To
 Connector Vs Preposition
Connector (clause marker)

Although John had some problems, he was able to do the exam well.

Preposition

Despite his problems, John was able to do the exam well.

COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN FOCUS

Adjective clause Connectors:

True or False who, which, whom, whose, that

a. The woman who writes the letter is my sister

b. The woman that writing the letter came to my house.

c. The letter written on the paper has been sent to the post office.

d. The woman written the letter comes to my house.

e. The letter which is written on the paper attracts my sister’s attention.

f. The woman whom can write the letter becomes my secretary.

g. The woman that has written the letter will go to the office.
COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN FOCUS
Adjective clause
Answer: Connectors:
who, which, whom, whose, that
a. The woman who writes the letter is my sister. (True)

b. The woman that writing the letter came to my house. (False)

c. The letter written on the paper has been sent to the post office. (True)

d. The woman written the letter comes to my house. (False)

e. The letter which is written on the paper attracts my sister’s attention. (True)

f. The woman whom meet today is my secretary. (False)

g. The woman that has written the letter will go to the office. (True)
COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN FOCUS
Adjective clause
Correction: Connectors:
who, which, whom, whose, that
a. The woman who writes the letter is my sister.

b. The woman that (writes,wrote, is writing) the letter came to my house.

c. The letter written on the paper has been sent to the post office.

d. The woman writting the letter comes to my house.

e. The letter which is written on the paper attracts my sister’s attention.

f. The woman whom the students meet today is my secretary. (False)

g. The woman that has written the letter will go to the office. (True)
COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN FOCUS
Noun clause Connectors:
5W+1H (What, who, when, where,
Examples: why, how) + that

1. A. I know it.
S V O

B. I know what makes you happy.

S V Con/S V O
O

2. A. I do not know it.

S V O

B. I do not know what people think of me.

S V Con S V

O
 MAIN FOCUS
Noun clause

Exercise

Robert has written eloquently about _______

(a) How does the creative process take place.
(b) How the creative process takes place.
(c) That the creative process takes place.
(d) Which the creative process takes place.
Noun clause MAIN FOCUS
Answer
Robert has written eloquently about _______
S V preposition O = NOUN

Remember: Noun clause = it

In the options, you see Verbs, So: the O = NOUN = NOUN CLAUSE (Con + S + V)

a. How does the creative process take place.

Con V S
Notes:
1. Option b, c & d have the same
b. How the creative process takes place. structures (Con + S + V), but in
Con S V terms of logical reasoning and
meaning, option b is the only
c. That the creative process takes place. answer to complete the question.
Con S V
2. Remember, the V in the Noun
d. Which the creative process takes place. clause relates to process → how
Con S V
COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN FOCUS
Adverb Clause
ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS
TIME CAUSE
after as soon as once when As now that
as before since whenever since because
as long as by the time until while inasmuch as
S V Adverb Connector S V
Teresa went inside because it was raining
Adverb connector S V, S V,

Because it was raining , Teresa went inside

COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN FOCUS
Adverb Clause
OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS
CONDITION CONTRAST MANNER PLACE

if although as where

in case even though in that wherever

provided while

providing whereas
unless
whether
NOUN CLAUSE VS ADJECTIVE CLAUSE MAIN FOCUS
(Noun clause)
1. A. I know who writes the letter. Note:
S V Con/S V O Noun clause = NOUN = it
O

(Adjective clause)

B. The woman who writes the letter is my sister.

S Con/S V O V
Note:
NOUN + Adjective clause
NOUN CLAUSE VS ADJECTIVE CLAUSE MAIN FOCUS
(Noun clause)
2. A. That scientists believe in spherical earth has become a major issue since 6th BC.
Con S V V
Note:
S Noun clause = NOUN = it

(Adjective clause)

B. Scientists that believe in spherical earth provide observational arguments.

S Con/S V V
Note:
NOUN + Adjective clause
SUPPLEMENTARY
SUPPLEMENTARY NOUN PHRASE

a dead tree several broken windows

the deserted house much empty paper

few flapping shutters

shocking news
SUPPLEMENTARY NOUN PHRASE

shocking news

the deserted big house

a recently dead tree

SUPPLEMENTARY
EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer!

1. convenient/ convenience fuel

2. reliable/ reliably person
3. recent/ recently published dictionary
4. extreme/ extremely helpful colleagues
5. legal/ legally drinking age
SUPPLEMENTARY
ANSWER
1. convenient fuel
2. reliable person
3. recently published dictionary
4. extremely helpful colleagues
5. legal drinking age
SUPPLEMENTARY
INVERSION = Inversion markers + V + S
 I did not once miss a question.
Inversion:
 Not once did I miss a question.
 Not once I missed a question (X).

Observatories are rarely located near city

 Soekarno is not only brave but also smart. lights or at lower elevations.
Inversion: Inversion:
 Not only is Soekarno brave, but also he is smart. Rarely are observatories located near city
 Not only Soekarno is brave, but also he is smart (X). lights or at lower elevations.
SUPPLEMENTARY
INVERSION markers = negatives
INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH NEGATIVES

no not never neither nor

barely hardly only rarely scarcely seldom
When a negative expression appears in front of a subject and verb (at the beginning
of a sentence or in the middle of a sentence), the subject and verb are inverted.
Rarely were they so happy
negative expression V S
&