Emerging diseases are those that have recently appeared
in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Re-emerging diseases are those once were health problems globally or in a particular region, and then declined, but are again becoming a health problems for a significant portion of a population. Emergence or re-emergence of a disease is the result of a complex set of interactions between population and their environment. Operationally, diseases emergence can be viewed as a two-step process. Disease may be first introduced into a new population and then establishes itself and disseminates within that population. This framework is easily applied to infections diseases. Many emerging infections diseases originate from pathogens already present in the environment, brought out of obscurity or given selective advantage by changing environmental conditons. Are those that are transmitted from animals to humans, limiting their infectiousness until the disease agent adapts to a human host. Such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer are often not considered within the merging/re-emerging disease framework despite the dramatic increase in prevalence and scope over the past several decades Drivers Example Disease -Schistosomiasis (dams) Deforestation/Reforestation, flood -Hantavirus ( climate ) Ecological change drought: climate change; -Mountain Spotted fever ( agricultural development Reforestation) Drug resistance (overuse of -Influenza virus Evolutionary forces and microbial antibiotics) and anti-viral; selective -Hepatitis B adaptation pressure in the environment -Staphyloccocus microbial evolution
Population growth, urbanization and -Dengue
Human behavior and demographic rural to urban migration; aging -HIV change population structure -Obesity
Inadequate sanitation and potable
water sources; reduction, -Trypanosomiasis Political conflict and Public Health elimination of disease surveillance -Vibro cholera infrastructure collapse and prevention programs -Yellow fever curtailment of vector control measures Air Travel; globalization of food -Influenza virus Mobility and globalization supply -SARS The virus outbreaks occurred in 1979 and the discovery of the virus was reported in 1977. Indigenous cases have been confirmed in four countries in Africa. Through June 1997, 1054 cases have been reported to WHO ( World Health Organization), 754 of which proved fatal. The virus which causes AIDS was first isolated in 1983. By the Beginning of June 1998, the number of AIDS cases reported to WHO ( World Health Organization ) by national authorities since beginning of the epidemic was close to 19 million. Identified in 1089, this virus is now known to be the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis worldwide, with approximately 90% of cause in japan, United States, and Western Europe. Up to 3% of the world population are estimated to be infected among which 170 million are chronic carries at risk of developing liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. This influenza virus is well known pathogen in birds but was isolated from human cases for the first time in 1997. The Emergence of human Influenza A (H5N1) initially followed a possible scenario of the expected next influenza pandemic, but in the event, the virus appeared to have been contained in 1997 The detection of the bacterium in 1997 explained the outbreak of severe pneumonia on a convention centre in USA in 1976 and it has since been associated with outbreaks linked to poorly maintained air conditioning system. Detected in 1982, this bacterium is typically transmitted through contaminated food and has caused outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in North America, Europe, and Japan. Detected in the USA in 1982 and identified as the cause of lyme disease, this bacterium is now known to be endemic in North America and Europe and is transmitted to humans by tricks First detected in 1992 in India, this bacterium has been reported in 7 countries in Asia. The emergence of a new serotype permits the organism to continue to spread and cause disease even in populations protected by antibodies generated in response to previous exposure to other serotype of the same organism. Are due to the appearance of and an increase in the number of infections from disease which is known but which had formerly caused so few infections that it had no longer been considered a public health problem. It has been re-introduced into countries and continents where it had previously disappeared, where it can spread because water and sanitation system have deteriorated and food safety measures are not adequate. It has spread in many part of South-East Asia since the 1950s and re-emerged in America in 1990s following the deterioration and active mosquito control and spread of the vector into urbans areas It has re-emerged in the Russian Federation and some other republics of the former Soviet Union in 1994 and culminated in 1995 with areas where 50,000 cases have been reported. The re-emergence was linked to a dramatic decline in the immigration programs following the disruption of health services that have been established, reversing the upward trend. This occurs worldwide but devasting, large-scale epidemics have mainly been in the drug Sub-Saharan regions of Africa, designated the “African meningitis belt.” This an example of a disease for which an effective vaccine exists but because it is not widely used in many areas at risk, epidemics still continue to occur.