Impure substances: Mixtures

Separation Of
Mixtures
 Evaporation is a type of
vaporization of a liquid that
occurs only on the surface of a
liquid.
The other type of vaporization
is boiling, which, instead,
occurs on the entire mass of
the liquid.
 Aim: To obtain coloured component(dye) from its volatile solvent by
the
method of evaporation.
 Materials : A beaker, a watch glass, a burner, water and some blue
ink.
 Procedure: 1. Fill half a beaker with water.
o 2. Cover it with a watch glass, put a few drops of ink on it and heat it.
o 3. Evaporation starts from the watch glass.
o4.Continue to heat till you see that there are no further changes on the
watch glass.
 Observation: The water gets evaporated from the
watch glass and residue is left . Therefore it is not
a single substance but a mixture of dye in water.
 By Separating
Funnel
A mixture of two immiscible liquids
can be separated by using a
Separating Funnel.
The Separation of two immiscible liquids by a
separating funnel is based on the difference in
their densities…..
 : The mixture is put into a
separating funnel, shaken and allowed to settle.
The oil and water from two separate layer. The
liquid with higher density, in this case water
forms the lower layer. Remove the stopper and
open the tap after standing. The water runs out
through the tap. The oil remains in the funnel and
: To separate kerosene oil
from water using a separating
funnel…
: 1. Pour the mixture of oil and water in a separating funnel.
 Do not disturb it till layer of oil and water is formed.
 Opening the stop clock of the funnel, pour the lower level of water
carefully.
 Close the stop clock as the soil reaches the it and is left behind in
the separating funnel.
: We conclude that immiscible liquids can be
separated with the
help of separating funnel…
 Most of the solids substances when heated
changes into liquid and finally into Vapours
(or gas).
 This vapour on cooling ,first forms liquid and
finally the solids.
 On the other hand there are some solid
substances like ammonium chloride which
directly changes into vapours on
heating and the vapours gives back solid
substance on cooling.
 Aim:-To separate a mixture of salt and ammonium
chloride..
 Procedure:- 1 The mixture of ammonium chloride
and salt is taken in a china dish and covered with
an inverted funnel.
 A loose cotton plug is put in the stem of the
funnel to prevent the ammonium chloride
vapours from escaping in the atmosphere.
 On heating ammonium chloride changes into
vapours. These vapours condense on the cold inner
side of the funnel to
give back solid ammonium chloride..
 Sodium Chloride does not
vaporise on heating so it
 Distillation
 Distillation is the process of heating a liquid to form
 Cooling
vapour
and then cooling the vapour to get back the liquid…
 Liquids Heating Vapours(or gas)
The liquid obtained by condensing
the vapours is called distillate.
Process in which the components of a
substance or liquid mixture are separated by
heating it to a
certain temperature and condensing the
Resulting
Vapors…..
 Aim: To separate alcohol and water from their solution.
 Procedure: 1 Take the solution in a distillational flask fitted with
fractionating column. Fit it with a thermometer.
 Arrange it like the that done in the picture..
 Heat the mixture slowly keeping a close watch at the thermometer
reading.
 The alcohol evaporates, condenses in the condenser
and can be collected from the condenser outlet.
 Water is left behind in the distillation flask…..
 Observation: By this method alcohol and water are
separated…

Picture on next page!!!

 Chromatography
 The process of separation of component of a mixture is know as
Chromatography .
 Chromatography is the technique used for the separation of those solutes
that dissolve in the same solvent…..

Crystallization
 The substances when present in well defined geometrical shapes Are called
crystals. These are formed when a hot saturates solution of salt is allowed
to cool slowly and undisturbed.
 The process of preparation of crystals is termed as crystallization…..
SHUBHAM.S
F