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Kidney and testicular

cancer
Kidney cancer
• Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a
group of cancers that starts in the kidney. Symptoms
may include blood in the urine, lump in the abdomen,
or back pain. Fever, weight loss, and tiredness may also
occur. Complications can include spread to the lungs or
brain.
Signs & Symptoms
 The most common signs and symptoms of kidney cancer
are a mass in the abdomen and/or blood in the urine (or 
hematuria). Other symptoms may include tiredness, loss
of appetite, weight loss, a high temperature and heavy
sweating, and persistent pain in the abdomen,
especially in the early stages of the disease.
Causes
• Factors that increase the risk of kidney cancer include
smoking, which can double the risk of the disease;
obesity; faulty genes; a family history of kidney cancer;
having kidney disease that needs dialysis; being
infected with hepatitis C; and previous treatment for 
testicular cancer or cervical cancer.
• There are also other possible risk factors such as kidney
stones[11] and high blood pressure, which are being
investigated.Some studies have linked regular use of 
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen to increases of
kidney cancer risk by up to 51%.
Pathophysiology
• Kidney cancer originates in the kidney in two principal
locations: the renal tubule and the renal pelvis. Most
cancers in the renal tubule are renal cell carcinoma and
clear cell adenocarcinoma. Most cancers in the renal
pelvis are transitional cell carcinoma.
Diagnosis
• History and Physical examination
• Urine analysis for blood in the urine
• Urine cytology for Cancer cells in the urine
• Cbc for anemia, erythrocytosis or polycythemia, high blood calcium
level, High level of liver enzymes.
• Imaging test: X ray, Ct scan, mri, ultrasound, Intravenous
pyelogram (IVP), angiography,
• Biopsy: fine needle aspiration
Treatment

Surgical: nephrectomy & Partial nephrectomy


Non surgical treatment
Cryoablation
radiofrequency ablations: Drugs in this category
include interferon and aldesleukin (Proleukin),
which are synthetic versions of chemicals made in
your body. Nivolumab (Opdivo) is an immunotherapy
sometimes used to treat advanced renal cell
carcinoma.
Targeted therapy.

TDrugs in this category include interferon and


aldesleukin (Proleukin), which are synthetic versions
of chemicals made in your body. Nivolumab (Opdivo)
is an immunotherapy sometimes used to treat
advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Radiation therapy
Testicular cancer
• Testicular cancer is a disease when testicular cells become
abnormal (malignant) in one or both testicles. It is the most
common cancer in 20- to 35-year-old men and has two main
types, seminomas and nonseminomas.
Signs and symptoms And causes
• A lump or enlargement in either testicle
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• A dull ache in the abdomen or groin
• A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum
• Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts
• Back pain
Causes
• Still unknown, A major risk factor for the development of
testis cancer is cryptorchidism (undescended testicles). 
• It is generally believed that the presence of a tumor
contributes to cryptorchidism; when cryptorchidism
occurs in conjunction with a tumor then the tumor tends
to be large. Other risk factors include inguinal hernias, 
Klinefelter syndrome, and mumps orchitis.
• Physical activity is associated with decreased risk and
sedentary lifestyle is associated with increased risk.
Early onset of male characteristics is associated with
increased risk. These may reflect endogenous or
environmental hormones.
Diagnosis
• History and Physical exam
• Blood test to check for tumor markers
• U/s and biopsy
• Staging helps determine cancer spread in the body. Chest 
X-rays, CT, MRI, and PET scans, plus serum tumor markers and
abdominal lymph node dissection, may help determine the
stage of testicular cancer.
Staging
• 0 to 3
• Stage 0 (Testicular Intraepithelial Neoplasia)
• In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in the tiny tubules where the
sperm cells begin to develop.
• In stage I, cancer has formed. Stage I is divided into stage IA, stage
IB, and stage IS and is determined after an inguinal orchiectomy is
done.
• Stage II
• Stage II is divided into stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIC and is
determined after an inguinal orchiectomy is done.
• Stage III
• Stage III is divided into stage IIIA, stage IIIB, and stage IIIC and
is determined after an inguinal orchiectomy is done.
Treatment
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Surveillance
• High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant

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