Fill in the blanks:

______________ (460–370 bce) and other

early Greek philosophers described the
material world as made up of tiny indivisible
particles that they called ________, meaning
“indivisible” or “uncuttable.”
Later, however, ___________ and Aristotle
formulated the notion that there can be no
ultimately indivisible particles, and the “_______”
view of matter faded for many centuries during
which Aristotelean philosophy dominated Western
culture.
Arrange the letters below to form the right
phrase.

•VINCOTNSOERA FO SMAS
•ACNSOTNT OMOCIPOITNS
•EPUMLTIL OPNPORITOR
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION:

LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION
Determine the law
of combination:
ATOM
An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that retains the characteristics of that element.
Then John Dalton (1766–1844) developed an
atomic theory that proposed that atoms were
responsible for the combinations of elements
found in compounds.
A pure compound has the same
composition and properties under the same
conditions regardless of its
source.
In forming water, 8.0 g of oxygen combine with
1.0 g of hydrogen. In forming hydrogen peroxide,
16.0 g of oxygen combine with 1.0 g of hydrogen.
What is the ratio of the masses of oxygen per
gram of hydrogen in the two compounds?
Using Dalton’s atomic theory, we conclude that
hydrogen peroxide contains twice as many
atoms of oxygen per hydrogen atom than does
water (2:1).
(a) The law of multiple proportions.

(b) The second compound must contain two oxygen

atoms for each carbon atom (that is, twice as
many carbon atoms as the first compound).
 In 1909, Robert Millikan (1868–1953) of the
University of Chicago succeeded in measuring
the charge of an electron
He then calculated the mass of the electron
by using his experimental value for the
-19
charge, 1.602 X 10 C, and Thomson’s
8
charge-to-mass ratio, 1.76 X10 C/g:
RADIOACTIVITY
In 1896 the French scientist Henri Becquerel (1852–
1908) discovered that a compound of uranium
spontaneously emits high-energy radiation. This
spontaneous emission of radiation is called
radioactivity.
Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre, began
experiments to identify and isolate the source of
radioactivity in the compound. They concluded that it
was the uranium atoms.
Further study of radioactivity, principally
by the British scientist Ernest Rutherford,
revealed three types of radiation:
alpha 𝛼, beta 𝛽, and gamma 𝛾.
Neils Bohr’s planetary model

-electrons are
revolving around the
positive nucleus
-
Because the masses of subatomic particles are
so small, chemists use a very small unit of mass
called an atomic mass unit (amu) .