Chapter 4

Codes

• Nada Ulya Aghnia

• Uzlifatul Ainiyah

4SA02
 codes
It is possible to refer to a language or a variety of
a language as a code. It can be used to refer to
any kind of system that two or more people
employ for communication.
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Diglossia
According to Ferguson, a diaglossic situation
exists in a society when it has two distinct
codes which show clear functional
separation; that is, one code is employed in
one set of circumstances and the other in an
entirely different set.

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Four language situations which show the major
characteristics of the diaglossic phenomenon:
✘ Arabic
✘ Swiss German
✘ Haitian (French and Creole)
✘ Greek
In each situation there is a ‘high’ variety (H) of a
language and a ‘low’ variety (L) of a language.

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According to Charles
Ferguson
Prestigious and powerful.
High Variety
Ex: Standard German in
Switzerland

Diglossia

Lack of prestige and power.

Low Variety Ex: Swiss German in
Switzerland

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Bilingualism and
Multilingualism

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 Bilingualism Multilingualism
Is ability of individual or Is the ability of an
the members of individual speaker or a
community to use two community of speakers
languages. to communicate
effectively in three or
more languages

People who are bilingual or multilingual do not

necessarily have exactly the same abilities in the
languages (or varieties). In fact, that kind of parity may
be exceptional.

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This is a consequence of the difficulties of trying to
distinguish languages from dialects and among
dialects themselves. Consequently, attempts to
distinguish people who are bilingual and bidialectal
may fail.
Code-switching
The switch from one code to
another or to mix codes even
within very short utterances.

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 Kinds of code-switching
Occurs when the languages used change according to
Situational
the situations. No topic change is involved.

Occurs when a change of topic requires a change

Metaphorical
in the language.

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Questions!
1. This term can be used to refer to both a language or a variety of a language called..
a. Code-switching c. High variety
b. Code d. Diaglossic
2. People who can speak two dialects called..
a. Bilingual c. Multilingual
b. Monolingual d. Bidialectal
3. The variation used in formal occasion called..
a. Low variety c. High variety
b. Variety of a language d. Formal variety
4. When a change of code occurs without changing the topic is called..
a. Situational code-switching c. Lexical code-switching
b. Grammatical code-switching d. Metaphorical code-switching
5. Changing from one variety of a language to another variety called..
a. Diglossia c. Code switching
b. Bidialectal d. variety mixing

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Thank
You

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