Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(C K Prahalad and Gary Hamel in the preface to Competing for the future)
International Business : Prof Bharat Nadkarni
• Religious factors
• Language
Cultural Universals
Irrespective of the religion, race, region, caste, etc., all of us have more or
less the same needs. These common needs are referred to as ‘Cultural
Universals’ and identified as – cooking, dancing, singing, education,
athletic, sports, bodily adornment, joking, kin groups, status differentiation
and dream interpretation.
The cultural universals enable businessmen to market the products in many
foreign countries with modifications. For example, TVs, cars, video games.
Culture is not a barrier to computer software.
As such, computer software industry of the USA, Europe and Australia has
been attracting most of the Indian computer software engineers. Other
examples include diamonds, gold ornaments, flowers which have worldwide
demand.
Many managers felt that Japanese would not eat ‘black food’, when
Yamazaki-Nabisco thought of introducing Oreo cookies in Japan. But Oreo
cookies became number one cookies in Japan.
Cultural Universals do not mean that two cultures are not very much close
to each other.
Safe rules in International Communication.
“Speak to the rest of the world as
if you were answering a slightly deaf,
very sick old auntie,
who just asked you how much to
leave for you in her will.”
A prolonged eye-to-eye contact is polite in the
USA and rude in Japan, Indian and Sino
cultures.
International Business : Prof Bharat Nadkarni
Demographic environment
• Age composition
• Income levels
International Business : Prof Bharat Nadkarni
2. Technological environment
3. Economic environment
• Nature and level of development of economy
• Economic resources
• Size of economy
• Political parties
• Radical differences
• Fundamentalists
• Govt. system
• Liberal or Conservative policies
International Business : Prof Bharat Nadkarni
• Trade barriers
Tariffs
• Natural Resources
• Absolute advantages
Individual incentives Profits and wages in Profits recognised. Profits not allowed.
relation to one’s Wages fairly in Workers urged to
ability and relation to efforts. work for the glory of
willingness to work. the state.
Capital Sources Capital invested by Obtained from State provides all the
owners who may owners and from resources to start
also borrow on state – issued bonds business owned by
credit. Capital may for state-owned the state.
be re-invested from industries.
profits.
International Business : Prof Bharat Nadkarni
Capitalism, Socialism and Communism Compared
Characteristics Capitalism Socialism Communism
Business Ownership Individuals have a State owns the basic State owns all
right to own a industries. Other productive capacity.
business and to businesses may
contract with others. exist.
International Business : Prof Bharat Nadkarni
Capitalism, Socialism and Communism Compared
Characteristics Capitalism Socialism Communism
Risk Assumption Losses assumed by People assume risks Economic
owners. May of state-owned production owned
transfer business industries. Losses by the state. Risks
risks to other taken from taxes. assumed by the
businesses through state. Losses reduce
insurance. standard of living.
Thank you