THE MAP

ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

ELECTROMAGNETIC ( DEMONSTRATED THROUGH…)
INDUCTION (EMI) PROCESS

MACHINES
Governed by Laws

DC AC

Single-phase

1Ø TRANSFORMER 3Ø TRANSFORMER

GENERATOR MOTOR
MODULE NO.4
► DEFINITION OF AC AND DC WAVEFORMS
► THE ELEMENTARY GENERATOR
► SLIP RING VS. SPLIT RING COLLECTOR

OBJECTIVES:
► To recall the definition of AC and DC signal
► To explain how AC signal is generated through
Electromagnetic Induction Process
► To show how AC signal is converted to DC signal
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

WHENEVER A CONDUCTOR CUTS ACROSS THE FLUX

OF A MAGNETIC FIELD, AN EMF IS PRODUCED IN THE
CONDUCTOR. If the two ends of the conductor are
connected to an outside circuit, the induced emf causes
current to flow in the circuit.
http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://hnsa.org/doc/radio/img/fig65.jpg&imgrefurl=http:
Moving wire through magnetic field

When a wire made of conducting material cuts through a

magnetic field, an electrical current is created in the wire.

Moving the wire through the magnetic field creates an electric current,
as measured by a meter attached to the ends of the wire

http://images.google.com.ph/
Principle :
A.C. generators or alternators (as they are usually
called) operate on the same fundamental principles of
electromagnetic induction as DC generators.
Alternating voltage may be generated by rotating a coil
in the magnetic field or by rotating a magnetic field
within a stationary coil. The value of the voltage
generated depends on-
 the number of turns in the coil.
 strength of the field.
 the speed at which the coil or magnetic field rotates.
AC VOLTAGE GENERATION
AC GENERATION
AC GENERATION

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AC GENERATION

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AC GENERATION

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Comparison of DC and AC loops and rings

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An electrical Generator is a machine which converts mechanical
energy (or power) into electrical energy (or power).

Principle :
It is based on the principle of production of dynamically (or
motionally) induced e.m.f (Electromotive Force). Whenever a
conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is
produced in it according to Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor
circuit is closed.
Hence, the basic essential parts of an electric generator are :
 A magnetic field and
 A conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut the
flux.
DC VOLTAGE GENERATION
DC GENERATION

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DC GENERATION

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DC GENERATION

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DC GENERATION

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The brushed DC motor a mechanical sliding contact between the brushes
and the commutator collar. The brushes and the spring carrying the current
need replacing from time to time. The commutator also needs periodic
cleaning or replacement.
Components of a DC Motor
STATOR: The stator consists of either a permanent magnet or electromagnetic
windings. The stator generates a stationary magnetic field around the rotor
which occupies the central part of the motor.
ARMATURE (Rotor): The armature is made up of one or more electric
windings around armature arms. These electric windings generate a
magnetic field when energized by the external current. The magnetic poles
thus generated by this rotor field are attracted to the opposite poles
generated by the stator field and repelled by the similar poles, which
causes the armature to rotate.
COMMUTATOR: The DC motor doesn’t use an external current switching
device, instead it uses a mechanical connector called the commutator
which is a segmented sleeve usually made of copper, mounted on the
rotating shaft. The current +/- is supplied to this commutator segments with
the help of brushes.
BRUSHES: As the motor turns the brushes slide over the commutator
segments hence creating the variable magnetic field in different arms
through the commutator segments attached to the windings. Hence a
dynamic magnetic field is generated in the motor when a voltage is applied
across the brushes.
Commutator (electric)
A commutator is a moving part of a rotary electrical switch in certain
types of electric motors and electrical generators that periodically reverses
the current direction between the rotor and the external circuit. It consists
of a cylinder composed of multiple metal contact segments on the rotating
armature of the machine.
Commutator (electric)
Two or more electrical contacts called "brushes" made of a
soft conductive material like carbon press against the
commutator, making sliding contact with successive
segments of the commutator as it rotates. The windings
(coils of wire) on the armature are connected to the
commutator segments.

Commutators are relatively inefficient, and also require

periodic maintenance such as brush replacement.
Therefore, commutated machines are declining in use, being
replaced by alternating current (AC) machines, and in recent
years by brushless DC motors which use
semiconductor switches.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)
As it can be seen, the commutator has two segments which are connected to each
terminal of the electromagnet, besides the two arrows are the brushes which apply
electric current to the rotary electromagnet. In real DC motors it can be found three
slots instead of two and two brushes.

http://images.google.com.ph/
Principle of operation
A commutator consists of a set of contact bars fixed to the
rotating shaft of a machine, and connected to the armature
windings. As the shaft rotates, the commutator reverses the
flow of current in a winding.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)
Simplest practical commutator
Practical commutators have at least three contact segments,
to prevent a "dead" spot where two brushes simultaneously
bridge only two commutator segments. Brushes are made
wider than the insulated gap, to ensure that brushes are
always in contact with an armature coil.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)
Ring/segment construction
A commutator consists of a set
of copper segments, fixed around the part
of the circumference of the rotating
machine, or the rotor, and a set of spring-
loaded brushes fixed to the stationary
frame of the machine. Two or more fixed
brushes connect to the external circuit,
either a source of current for a motor or a
load for a generator.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)
Brush construction
Early machines used brushes made from strands of copper wire to contact
the surface of the commutator. However, these hard metal brushes tended
to scratch and groove the smooth commutator segments, eventually
requiring resurfacing of the commutator.

As the copper brushes wore

away, the dust and pieces of
the brush could wedge
between commutator
segments, shorting them and
reducing the efficiency of the
device. Fine copper wire mesh
or gauze provided better
surface contact with less
segment wear, but gauze
brushes were more expensive
than strip or wire copper
brushes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)