Introduction To Computing (CS-141)

Engr. Ehtasham Naseer

engrehtasham134@gmail.com
EE Department QCET
 Class Information
• Grading
 Quizzes: 20%
 Assignment:10%
 Midterm: 30%
 Final: 40%
Office: Room# 101 basement 1st academic block QCET
Text Book: Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python by
John V. Guttag, MIT Press, 2013
Academic Integrity
Cooperation is allowed but cheating in not!
Assignments are individual task and they are designed to better understand
the course – Don’t copy Assignments!
Quizzes will be at random
Be respectful in terms of time and classroom decorum
 About Course

Problem
Solving

Knowledge of Programming
Concepts Skills
• Introduction to Computers
(Lecture# 1&2)
 Lecture Outlines
• Computing
• History & Evolution of Computer
• Computer System & Components
• Computer software and Hardware
• Operating System
 Computing
• The process of utilizing computer technology to complete a
task. Computing may involve computer hardware and/or
software, but must involve some form of a computer system.
Continued…..
 Computer
• An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data,
and can be programmed with instructions.
• Characteristics
Automatic
Accuracy
Speed
Free from feeling
Diligence
Versatility
Power of remembering
 Continued…..
• What does a computer do?
Fundamentally
Perform calculations – a billion calculation per second!
Remember results – 100s of gigabyte storage
What kind of calculation?
Built-in to the language
Ones you define as a programmer
Computer only know what you tell them
Can’t think
Can’t generate ideas
 Evolution of computer
Analytical Engine designed by Charles Babbage in
1837.
In 1943 first general
purpose computer were
actually built in Harvard
and named it
“Harvard Mark-1”
 Continued…..
• First Generation Computers (1951-1958)
 Vacuum tubes
 Machine code, Assembly language
 Computers contained a central processor
 that was unique to that machine
 Different types of supported instructions, few machines
could be considered "general purpose"
 Use of drum memory or magnetic core memory, programs
and data are loaded using paper tape or punch cards
 2 Kb memory, 10 KIPS
 Used in WWII for the calculation of trajectories for ballistic
shells
 Continued…..
• Releases massive amount of heat
• Difficult to program
 Continued…..
• Second Generation Computer(1959-1964)
 Transistors – small, low-power, low-cost, more reliable than
vacuum tubes
 Uses less electricity and generate less heat
 Magnetic core memory
 Reduced the computational time
 from milliseconds to microseconds
 High level languages
 Continued…..
• Third Generation Computer(1965-1974)
 Introduction of integrated circuits combining
thousands of transistors on a single chip
 Semiconductor memory
 Timesharing, graphics, structured programming
 2 Mb memory, 5 MIPS
 Use of cache memory
 Microprocessor
 Continued…..
• Fourth Generation Computer(1974-2010)
 Introduction of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)/Ultra
Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
 combines millions of transistors
 Single-chip processor and the
 single-board computer emerged
 Smallest in size because of the high component density
 Creation of the Personal Computer (PC)
 Continued…..
• Fifth Generation Computer(2010-onward)
 Portable PCs (called notebook computers) are much smaller and
handy than the PCs of the fourth generation.
 Uses of standard high-level
 programming languages allow programs
 written for one computer to be easily
 ported to and executed on another computer.
 Artificial intelligence: Functions & logic
 predicates
Robots – capable of carrying out a complex
series of actions automatically
Video
 Computer System
• Computer System = Hardware + Software
• Computer Hardware – Physical Components
• Memory chip
• Keyboard
• Monitor
• Networking cable etc
• Computer Software
All non-physical Components
• Operating system
• Network protocols
• Programming Languages
 Computer System-Hardware
• Hardware Components
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Perform Computation
Executes Program
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
Program instruction and data store when program Execute
• BUS
Set of wirings that carry instructions and data between the CPU and
main memory
• Hard Drive
Static memory
Files and Data store
Does not loss data
Much higher capacity than main memory
 Computer System-Hardware
• Main Memory
• Random Access Memory (RAM) – Volatile Memory
• Main Memory is Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• In multi-core processors DRAM can’t feed data at the required
speed

• DRAM’s cell SRAM cell

 Computer System-Hardware
• Cache Memory
• Cache memory is the small size of RAM
• Cache memory is SRAM (Static RAM) unlike the DRAM
(Dynamic RAM)
• SRAM is quite fast compared to DRAM
• Three different levels of cache memory
• Store copies of data that need to be used frequently
 Computer System-Hardware
• Level 1 Cache (L1 Cache)
• Faster among all level cache
• Memory Size – Few KBytes
• 2KByte – 64KByte
• Embedded inside the CPU
 Computer System-Hardware
• Level 2 Cache (L2 Cache)
• Slower than L1 Cache
• Larger in size as compared to L1 Cache
• Memory Size: ~ 256KByte – 512KByte
• Shared or embedded
 Computer System-Hardware
• Level 3 Cache (L3 Cache)
• Available to enhance the performance of L1 & L2
Cache
• Shared among all the CPU cores
• Memory Size:
~ 1MByte – 8MByte
• Slower than L1 Cache
& L2 Cache