TIÊU ĐỀ

STRUCTURE. 1

INTRODUCTION 2

BODY 3

CONCLUSION/OVERVIEW 4
STRUCTURE TYPE 1

INTRODUCTION

BODY

CONCLUSION
 EXAMPLE
The line graph gives information about
Starmouth school library between 2009 and
INTRODUCTION
2012. It shows how many library boos pupils
read over this four-year period.
According to the graph, there were different
trends for boys and girls increased steadily
between 2009 and 2010, from about 25 to 40
books. After that, the numbers rose
dramatically to 140 books in 2012. This was the
BODY highest figure in the period. Boys started off
reading more books than girls, but their
numbers followed a different pattern. Between
2009 and 2010, there was a noticeable increase
of 30 from 50 to 80 books, and then a gradual
rise to 100 boos in 2011. However, in 2012,
their number fell back to 80 books again.
All in all, there was a strong upward trend in
CONCLUSION
the number of books read by girls. Although
boys read more books than gilrs in 2009, but
their reading fell to below the level of girls in
2012.
STRUCTURE TYPE 2

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

BODY
 EXAMPLE
The bar chart compares three different nations, namely Algeria, China and Argentina, in terms of
changes in real estate values from 2007 to 2010. INTRODUCTION
Overall, the prices of property in China experienced an enormous growth over the period shown.
While Algeria showed a steady decline in its figures, the opposite trend can be seen when we look at
Argentina’s property prices. OVERVIEW
As can be seen from the chart, in 2007 Algeria accounted for the highest growth percentage with over
6%, doubling that of Argentina and three times higher than that of China. However, during the
following years, this country witnessed a decrease in its growth rate, down to 4.5% in 2008 and only
3% in 2010. By contrast, over the period from 2007 to 2010, China experienced a constant rise in its
property prices, with the figure reaching the highest point of about 7% in 2010.
In comparison, between 2007 and 2008, Argentina’s figure climbed quickly and reached a peak of
nearly 5% before dropping suddenly to slightly over 1% in the next year and ending at
approximately 2.3% in the last year. BODY
 INTRODUCTION
(1) (2) (3,4,5,6)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

 shows  the number
 The bar chart  gives  information of + Count
about/on
 The pie chart  Tells us Noun
 data
 The line  Indicates  the amount
about/on
graph  illustrates of+ Non-
 how much
 The table count Noun
 reveals  how many
 The  highlights  the
 what percentage of
infographic  depicts  why
(line, bar, pie,  demonstrates
 the
 when proportion of
table)
 compares (2  how 7
graphs)  The figure
 INTRODUCTION

(5:place) (6:time)
 in the  Between [year] and
US/UK/Netherland/ [year]
Philippines…  From [year] to [ year]
 in  During [number] years
Canada/Germany…  Over a/the [number]-
year period
 at the [place]..
 in …
8
EXAMPLE
1) The line graph illustrates
information about the number
of library books read by boys
and girls at Starmouth school
from 2009 to 2012.
2) The line graph indicates how
many library books students
read at Starmouth School
between 2009 and 2012
1) The line graph gives information
about Starmouth school library
between 2009 and 2012. It indicates
how many library books pupils read
over this 4-year period.
EXERCISE
The graph shows
CO2 emissions
for different
forms of
transport in the
European Union.

1. The bar chart give information on the amount of CO2 emissions for
different means of transport in the European Union.

2. The bar chart indicates the amount of CO2 released from different types
of transport in the European Union.

3.The infographic demonstrates how much C02 is discharged for one-

kilometre travel by a passenger in different transportation in the European
Union.
EXERCISE
The graph shows
the percentage of
European Union
funds being spent
on different forms
of transport.

1. The pie chart illustrates the proportion of money being spent on different
types of transport by the European Union.

2. The pie chart highlights information about how much money the European
Union spends on different transportation.

3.The infographic tells us the ratio of European Union’s expenditure for a

variety of transport systems
EXERCISE The table below
shows the
proportion of
different
categories of
families living in
poverty in
Australia in 1999

1. The table gives information about the percentage of different types of poor
families in Australia in 1999.

2. The infographic illustrates the proportion of people from each kind of

household who lives in poverty in Australia in 1999.

3.The table indicates the poverty rates among six types of household in
Australia in the year 1999.
EXERCISE
The graph shows
the consumption
of fast food by
teenagers in
Australia from
1975 to 2000.

1. The line graph reveals the amount of fast food consumption by teenagers
in Australia between 1975 to 2000 .

2. The line graph demonstrates how many times per year Australian
teenagers consumed three types of fast food over a 25-year period.

3. The infographic depicts the consumption of three categories of fast food

eaten by Australian teenagers during 25 years.
 INTRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE CHARTS

SAME TYPE

Example:

TWO
SENTENCES

The first bar chart illustrates information about the number of honey-bee colonies, while the
second bar chart indicates information on the amount of honey produced in the US
between 1970 and 2010

The charts/ The two charts/ The bar charts/ The two bar charts/ The infographics give
information about the number of honey-bee colonies and the amount of honey produced in
the US between 1970 and 2010
ONE
SENTENCES
EXERCISE The charts below show the main reasons for study among
students of different age groups and the amount of support
they received from employers .

Reasons for studying according to age of student Employers support, by age group
(Time off and help with fees)

Two Sentence: The first bar chart illustrates the reason why pupils study
according to age groups. The second bar chart tells us how much support
they receive from their employers.
One Sentence: The bar charts illustrate the reason why pupils study
according to age groups and how much support they receive from their
employers.
 INTRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE CHARTS

DIFFERENT TYPE Example:

The pie graph displays the
TWO principal causes why farming
SENTENCES land deteriorates while the
table illustrates how three
regions of the planet were
affected by these factors in
the 1990s.

The pie chart and the table

highlight information about
the principal causes why
farming land deteriorates ONE
and how three regions of the SENTENCES
planet were affected by these
factors in the 1990s
EXERCISE
The graph shows
the percentage of
European Union
funds being spent
on different forms
of transport.

One Sentence: The line graph and the bar chart show the number of people
Two Sentence: The line graph shows the number of people visits the UK
visits the UK and the number of UK residents travel abroad from 1979 to
and the number of UK residents travel abroad from 1979 to 1999. The bar
1999 and five countries that UK people usually paid a visit to in 1999.
chart illustrates information on countries that UK people usually paid a visit
One Sentence: The infographics show the number of people visits the UK
to in 1999.
and the number of UK residents travel abroad from 1979 to 1999 and five
countries that UK people usually paid a visit to in 1999.
EXERCISE The table and chart below show the domestic water use
and cost in 5 countries.
One Sentence: The infographics reveals
information about the amount of household
water consumed in five countries (namely
the US, Canada, Italy, France, Germany)
and how much water costs in these places.
Two Sentence: The bar
chart indicates information
about the amount of
household water consumed
in five countries (namely the
US, Canada, Italy, France,
Germany). The bar chart
depicts how much water
costs in these countries.
One Sentence: The bar
chart and the table compare
information about the
amount of household water
consumed in five countries
(namely the US, Canada,
Italy, France, Germany) and
how much water costs in
these places.
EXERCISE The bar chart below shows the numbers of men and
women attending various evening courses at an adult
education centre in the year 2009. The pie chart gives
information about the ages of these course participants.

Two Sentence: The bar

chart highlighted information
on the attendance of men
and women in different
evening courses at an adult
education centre in 2009.
The pie chart tells us the age
groups of people
participating in these
courses in the same year.
One Sentence: The bar
chart reveals information on
the attendance of men and
women in different evening
courses at an adult
education centre and the
age groups of people
participating in these
courses in 2009 .
 BODY

According to the information from the [chart], we can see that,…

According to the [chart], we can see that,…

Looking at the chart, it can be seen that,…

As can be seen from the [chart],…

Taking a closer look at the [chart], we can see that,…
According to the information from the [chart], it can be seen that

20
 BODY

TWO
CHART
Turning to the (second) [chart], it is clear/obvious/evident that…
Moving on to the [chart], it can be seen that…
A more detailed look at the table reveals that…

ONE
CHART
When it comes to…,
In terms of…
With regards to…
21
Regarding…
•Remain/ Stay/ Keep + constant/ unchanged/ the
same/ stable
•respectively
•Reach a peak at/ peak at
•Hit a low of
•Approximately/ Roughly/ Almost/
•About=Around
•Just above/ just over/ more than
•Just under/ Just below/ Less than
•Start/End at
•At the end of the period
• In contrast/On the contrary/On the
other hand
• However,
• Although/ Even though/
• Besides,
• Interestingly,
• After that,
 VOCABULARY
VERBS AND NOUNS FOR LINE GRAPH, BAR CHART,
TABLE
VERB NOUN
Increase – increased Increase
Rise – rose – risen Rise
Grow – grew – grown Growth
Go up – went up Ascend
Ascend – ascended
Climb – climbed
Soar – soared (to)
jump-jumped (to)
Decrease – decreased Decrease
Decline – declined Decline
Drop – dropped Drop
Fall – fell – fallen Fall
Descend – descended Descend
Dip – dipped reduction
Go down – went down
Fluctuate – fluctuated Fluctuation
Vary – varied Variation
Be erratic
Go up and down – went up and
down
 VOCABULARY
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS FOR LINE GRAPH, BAR
CHART, TABLE

Adjective Adverb
Constant Constantly
Continuous Continuously
Slight Slightly
Gentle Gently
mild Mildly
Steady Steadily
Gradual Gradually
Noticeable Noticeably
Marked Markedly
Significant Significantly
Considerable Considerably
Substantial Substantially
Remarkable Remarkably
Dramatic Dramatically
Sharp Sharply
Sudden Suddenly
Quick Quickly
Rapid Rapidly
 BODY

S+ V + Adv + from [number 1] to [number 2] + time

to [number 2]
by [number 2-number 1] from [number 1] to
[number 2]
by [number 2-number 1] to [number 2]
 BODY

• There + be + a/an + Adj + N + in + S + from [number 1] to

[number 2] + time
• There+ be + a/an + Adj + N + in + S + to [number 2] + time
• There+ be + a/an + Adj + N + in + S + of [number 2 –
number 1] from [number 1] to [number 2] + time
• There+ be + a/an + Adj + N + in + S + of [number 2 –
number 1] to [number 2] + time
 BODY

• S (The number/The figure/The proportion…) +

saw/witnessed/experienced + a/an + Adj +N + from [number 1] to
[number 2] + time
• S (The number/The figure/The proportion…) +
saw/witnessed/experienced + a/an + Adj +N + to [number 2] + time
• S (The number/The figure/The proportion…) +
saw/witnessed/experienced + a/an + Adj +N + of [number 2 –
number 1] from [number 1] to [number 2] + time
• S (The number/The figure/The proportion…) +
saw/witnessed/experienced + a/an + Adj +N + of [number 2 –
number 1] to [number 2] + time
 BODY

80%
70% 1) The proportion of female students
at Starmouth School increased
60%
considerably from roughly 50% in
50% 2000 to 70% in 2005.
40%
30% 2) There was a significant growth in
the proportion of female students at
20%
Starmouth School from
10% approximately 50% to 70% in 2005.
0%
2000 2005 2010 2015
The Bar chart show the 3) The proportion of female students
information about the at Starmouth School witnessed a
proportion of female remarkable rise from around 50% to
students at Starmouth 70% in 2005.
School from 2000 to 2015
 The graph shows the
consumption of fast
food by teenagers in
Australia from 1975
to 2000.

1. The consumption of pizza dropped significantly from 100 in 1975 to nearly

80 times in 1980

2. There was a considerably decrease in the pizza consumption to roughly

80 times in 1980

3. The consumption of pizza witnessed a remarkable reduction of 20 times

from 100 to 80 times in 1980
1. The number of people coming to the UK rose slightly by 10 million people
to approximately 30 million people between 1994 and 1999.

2. There was a mild ascend in the visitors to the UK of 10 million people from
20 million in 1994 to 30 million people in 1999

3. The number of oversea residents travelling to the UK experienced a gentle

growth to 30 million people in 1999.
1. The global sales of online games went up dramatically from only 6 billion
in 2005 to around 10 billion dollars in 2006

2. There was a sharp increase in the online games global sales of nearly 4
billion dollars to 10 billion dollars in 2006

3. The global sales of online games saw a sudden rise to approximately 10

billion dollars in 2006
 VOCABULARY
VERBS FOR PIE CHART

ACCOUNT FOR – ACCOUNTED FOR

MAKE UP – MADE UP

OCCUPY – OCCUPIED

REPRESENT – REPRESENTED

BOAST – BOASTED

CONSTITUTE - CONSTITUTED
1/2= 50%: A HALF
1/4= 25%: A QUARTER
3/4 = 75%: THREE QUARTERS
1/3 = 33%: ONE – THIRD/ A THIRD
2/3 =66%: TWO – THIRDS
1/5: ONE – FIFTH
4/5: FOUR – FIFTHS
2/9: TWO – NINTHS
8/9: EIGHT - NINTHS
 EXAMPLE
The graph shows
the percentage of
European Union
funds being spent
on different forms
of transport.

The amount of money spent on roads accounts for a half/50%

The percentage of European Union funds being spent on

railways occupies a-third/one-third/ 1/3
CONCLUSION/OVERVIEW

There + be+ an upward

trend/a rising trend/an
increasing trend + in the….

There + be+ a downward

trend/a falling trend/a
decreasing trend + in the….

36
 CONCLUSION/OVERVIEW

There + be+ a stable trend/an

unchanged trend/a constant
trend + in the….

There + be+ a constrasting

trend/an opposite trend/an
opposing trend + in the….

There + be+ a
significant/considerable/substantial
+changes/differences+ in the….

37
 VOCABULARY
WORDS DEFINITION
Demolish Phá vỡ, dỡ bỏ
Knock down
Pull down
remove
Extend Mở rộng
Expand
Enlarge
Widen
Turn into/to Chuyển thành
Convert into
Build Xây dựng
Construct
Rebuild Tái xây dựng
Reconstruct
Make Tạo ra, làm nên
Create
Make way for Dọn chỗ cho…
Give way to
VOCABULARY
WORDS DEFINITION
Modernize Hiện đại hóa
Urbanize Đô thị hóa
Change Thay đổi
Alter
transform
Take place Diễn ra
Occur
Happen
Add Thêm
Replace Thay thế
Develop Phát triển

Renovate Cải tiến

Improve Cải thiện

Reduce Giảm

Erect Dựng lên

 VOCABULARY

WORDS DEFINITION

Remain the same = remain Giữ nguyên, không thay đổi

unchanged

Stand in/on/at.. Nằm ở

Located/Situated in/on/at Tọa lạc ở

Be no longer there Không còn ở đó nữa

Occupy Chiếm
VOCABULARY TO SHOW DIRECTION
WORDS DEFINITION
Directly opposit Đối diện trực tiếp
On the right/left hand side of Nằm bên phải/trái của (bản đồ)
In close proximity to = near Gần
To the right/left of Ở phía phải/trái của (vật gì đó)
At the bottom/top of Ở đáy/đỉnh của
In the bottom/top right/left hand Ở đáy/đỉnh góc phải/trái của
corner of
Surrounded by Bao quanh bởi
Exactly in the middle of Ngay chính giữa của
Stands outside Nằm bên ngoài
Halfway between Cách đều 2 điểm
At right angles to/perpendicular to Vuông góc với
Roughly in the middle Xấp xỉ chính giữa
Parallel to Song song với
 TO

1. The is at the bottom right-hand corner of the map

2. The is in the top of the map.
3. The is exactly in the middle of the map.
4. The is at right angles to the .
5. The is on the left-hand side of the map.
6. The is directly opposite to the .
7. The is to the left of the .
 TO

8. The is surrounded by the

9. The is at the top right-hand corner of the map.
10. The is roughly in the middle of the map.
11. The is parallel to the .
12. The is close proximity to the .
13. The is stands outside the map

14. The is to the right of the .

 TO

14. The is surrounded by the

15. The is at the bottom left-hand corner of the map.
16. The is at the bottom of the map.
17. The is on the right-hand side of the map.
18. The is in the left-hand corner of the map.
19. The is halfway between the and the
• S + tobe + V-ed (bị động)
Ex: At the beginning of the process, clay is dug from the ground.
The paper clips are sorted manually into batches of different
colours.
• Being + V-ed (mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn với thể bị động)
Ex: After being washed, the tomatoes are moved to the grilling
stage.
• V-ing (khi nói đến thao tác)
Ex: After that, the ground, frozen liquid is dried in a vacuum so
that the water evaporates, leaving the coffee granules.
VOCABULARY TO CONNECT BODY
FINAL STEP

MIDDLE STEP
Finally, The
final step is,The
FIRST STEP
Secondly, Then,
process finishes
Next, after that
with ...,
Firstly, First, = after this,
The process
in/at the first Following
concludes with
step/stage, To this/that, The
...
begin with, the process
process begins continues with
with
 OTHER VOCABULARY
•Prior to + N/V-ing
Ex: Female salmons choose the best spot in rivers
and lay a massive number of eggs, which are then
incubated prior to developing into tiny fish
•Before S+ V
•After V-ing
Ex: 1. Before being sent to the factory, tomatoes are
sorted to separate good ones from bad ones.
2. After the spent grain is separated, the liquid
is passed to another container to
be boiled with sugar and hops.
 OTHER VOCABULARY
•In order to/so as to + V1
Ex: Salt is removed from sea water in order to/so as
to make it drinkable
• In order that/ so that + Clause
Ex: After that, the ground, frozen liquid is dried in a
vacuum so that the water evaporates
•With the aim of + V-ing
Ex: With the aim of producing water fit for specific
purposes, most water is purified and disinfected for
human consumption
“THANK YOU FOR
WATCHING!"