TORQUE

GROUP 3
DEMONSTRATION
RADIUS OF A FORCE

 Also called “torque arm”.

 A vector directed from the center of rotation to the point
where the force is applied, with a magnitude equal to the
distance between this points.
TORQUE
 “momentum of a force”
 Quantitative measurement of the rotational motion and is
calculated by multiplying the radius by the perpendicular force:
τ = Fr (equation 16)
F = magnitude of the perpendicular force
r = radical distance
τ = torque
Units of torque: N ⋅ m or lb ⋅ ft
The units N ⋅ m of torque, cannot be simplified to joules because the radius is
not parallel to the applied force. Like force and radius, torque is a vector, and
its magnitude is given by equation 16.
Applying this equation to the forces in the diagram shows
The Torque at A to be
FA (0) = 0
The Torque at B is
FB (1/2 r) = ½ rFB
And the torque at C is
FC (r) = rFC
Law of Torque

Newton’s second law of motion is F = ma. When restated for

rotary motion, the law becomes
τ = Ia (equation17)
I is analogous to m, a is analogous to m
Equation 17 is called the law of torque, it shows that for a body
of given rotational inertia, changes in torque bring proportional
changes in angular acceleration.
Also shows that the torque necessary to produce a given rate of
angular acceleration is determined by the rotational inertia of the
body.
Example 13.9
 What torque is required to accelerate a wheel
from rest to 100. revs/s in 30.0 s if the mass of the
wheel is 10.0 kg? Assume that the wheel has an
inner radius, r1 equal to 0.950 m and an outer
radius, r2 equal to 1.00 m.
Work, power, kinetic energy, and momentum

Table 13.3 presents equations for the work and power accomplished by a
torque, as well as for the kinetic energy and momentum of a body in rotation.
As before, when Table 13.2 was prepared, θrad replaces d, and w replaces v. In
addition, I replaces m, and τ replaces F.
Example 13.10
Where are the (a) kinetic energy and (b) angular
momentum of the wheel described in Example 13.9
if the wheel now turns at 100. rpm?
Total kinetic energy of a moving body.
A wheel on a moving bicycle is simultaneously
spinning and moving forward. If forward translational
motion is uniform (at constant speed), rotary motion must
be uniform also. The kinetic energy of the wheel is the sum
of its rational and translational kinetic energies:
KE= ½mv2 + ½ Iw2 (equation 22)
Conservation of energy in rotary motion.
The total potential and kinetic energy of any object is conserved unless
it is subjected to nonconseravtive forces like friction. For example, if a wheel
rolls down a frictionless slope, the gain in kinetic energy equals the loss in
gravitational potential energy. Since PE= mgh and g is constant, the loss in PE
depends solely on the mass of the wheel and on the distance of vertical drop.
It shows the rotational inertia of the ring exceeds that of the disk,
the wheels must differ in their apportionment of total E, between
translational and rotary KE. Based on equation 22 the object with
greater rotational inertia develop less speed as it descends the slope
and the fastest would be the one with least rotational inertia.
Conservation of angular momentum.
If the motion of the body is observed on two
occasion, the angular momentum is the first occasions is
equal to the angular momentum in the second occasion:
L1 = L2 or I1 w1 = I2 w2 (equation 23)
A figure skater pulls in his arms to reduce his rotational inertia, I. Since
he is isolated from any significant torque, his angular momentum, I w,
must stay the same even though I is reduced. Thus, w must increase.
When yourself spinning around in a swivel chair, if you stick your legs
out, you spin lower; if you pull them in, you spin faster.
Example 13.11
A ball weighing 3.60 N is attached to a pole by a rope
2.7 m long. When the ball is set revolving about the pole at
an angular velocity of 21 rad/s, the rope begins winding
onto the pole. Soon the free length of the rope is shortened
to 1.3 m. What then is the final angular velocity of the ball?
Assume the rope is weightless and neglect friction.
Flywheels.
 Machines that contain a heavy spinning disk.
 Heavy flywheels once set in motion has a larger momentum.
 To maintain its momentum between the strokes, the flywheel
keeps turning; thus it forces the crankshaft to keep turning also.
Angular momentum as a vector.
- Momentum of an object cannot be changed without the use of force.
 If Figure 13.15 has no direction (scalar equal to I w), the forces needed to turn
the axis of the wheel from the position shown in A to the position shown in B
should be no greater than the force needed to produce the same change when
the wheel is rotating. However, when the wheel is rotating, it is harder to return
the resistance to any change in the direction of the axis increases as rotational
speed increases.
The direction of the vector is given by “right hand rule”: if you curl
the fingers of your right hand in the direction of rotation, your thumb
will stick out in the direction of angular momentum.
The direction of angular momentum establishes the
direction of all other vector quantities in rotary motion.
Angular velocity has the same direction as angular
momentum. Angular acceleration has the same direction as
angular momentum if it is increasing, the opposite direction
if angular momentum is decreasing. Torque has the same
direction as the angular acceleration it produces.
 Gyroscopes
Any solid object rotating on fixed axis