Institute of Psychology

Beaconhouse National University

INTRODUCTION TO
PERSPECTIVES IN
PSYCHOLOGY
 Professor Hassan believes that nearly all
psychological disorders can ultimately be
traced to abnormalities in brain chemistry.
His beliefs are most consistent with which
of the following theoretical perspectives in
psychology?

A. Behavioral
B. Cognitive
C. Biological
D. Humanistic
 Jamil is consulting a psychologist to get rid
of his psychological problems. The
psychologist never criticizes him, does not
appear to disagree, and encourages him to
take his decisions the way Jamil likes. The
psychologist’s approach is most probably:

A. Psychodynamic
B. Operant-behavioral
C. Client- centered
D. Rational Emotive behavioral
 Edward C. Tolman’s name is associated
with which of the following approaches.

A. Psychodynamic approach
B. Biological approach
C. Cognitive approach
D. Humanistic approach
 Which of the following definitions of
"personality" best reflects the views of B. F.
Skinner?

A. A collection of response tendencies that are

tied to various stimulus situations
B. Consistent patterns of behavior that occur as
a result of unconscious impulses
C. Innate behavioral tendencies
D. Social learning
 In Freudian theory, which part of the
personality acts as a judge or censor for
one's thoughts and actions, acting as an
"internalized parent" to bring behavior
under control?

A. Id
B. Superego
C. Eros
D. Ego
COGNITION
 The difference in the left and right eye is about 7
cm due to which the retina receives slightly
different images on left and right eye, this
difference is known as ___________

A. Retinal disparity
B. Accommodation
C. Linear perspective
D. Interposition
 The process of converting physical energy into
nervous system energy is called:

A. Sensation
B. Perception
C. Response
D. Transduction
 The statement “We do not weep because we feel
sorrow: we feel sorrow because we weep”
reflects which theory of emotion.

A. James-Lange
B. Cannon-Bard
C. Schachter-Singer
D. Facial Feedback
 All of the following are monocular cues to
depth except

A. Linear perspective.
B. Retinal disparity.
C. Interposition.
D. Motion parallax.
 After sometime outdoors in the bright sun, your
eyes get used to the illumination. This is called
________________.

A. Receptor constancy
B. Accommodation
C. Adaptation
D. Equilibration
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
 The technique in which an influencer
precedes the real request by first getting
the person to agree to a smaller request
is called:

A. Door in the face technique

B. Foot in the door technique
C. Low ball technique
D. That’s not all technique
 A professor finds that having other
faculty members observe his class
improves his lectures. This improvement
is the result of ____________.

A. Evaluation apprehension
B. Social loafing
C. Mere presence
D. None of the above
 According to which theory, people are
motivated to change their attitudes because
of tension created by a mismatch between
two or more competing attitudes or between
their attitudes and behavior.

A. Cognitive dissonance theory

B. Theory of planned behavior
C. Dual attitudes theory
D. None of the above
 Which theorist argued that aggression was
a manifestation of a person’s “death
instinct” redirected toward another person?

A. Milgram
B. Freud
C. Lorenz
D. Asch
 The mere exposure effect demonstrates that

A. Familiarity breeds contempt

B. Opposites attract
C. Birds of a feather flock together
D. Familiarity breeds liking
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF
BEHAVIOR
 Hindbrain is composed of

A. Cerebellum
B. Pons and medulla
C. Pons, medulla and cerebellum
D. Pons, medulla, cerebellum and spinal cord
 Why is biggest communication system in
the body after nervous system?

A. Endocrine system
B. Circulatory system
C. Respiratory system
D. Reproductive system
 Primary motor cortex is located in

A. Frontal lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Occipital lobe
D. Temporal lobe
 Which division of the peripheral nervous
system prepares the individual for
emergency situation.

A. Somatic nervous system

B. Sympathetic nervous system
C. Parasympathetic nervous system
D. None of the above
 The excess neurotransmitters which are
present in the synapse are taken back into
the vesicles for recycling, the process is
called

A. Synthesis
B. Active transportation
C. Reuptake
D. Osmosis
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 In an experimental research study, the
primary goal is to isolate and identify the
effect produced by the _______________.

A. Dependent variable
B. Extraneous variable
C. Independent variable
D. Confounding variable
 Quasi-experiments typically lack
_______________ found in true
experiments.

A. External validity
B. Degree of control
C. Internal validity
D. None of the above
 The degree to which differences in
dependent variable can be attributed
unambiguously to an effect of an
independent variable is referred to as:

A. Internal validity
B. External validity
C. Face validity
D. None of the above
 In which of the following non-random
sampling techniques does the researcher
ask the research participants to identify
other potential research participants?

A. Snowball
B. Convenience
C. Purposive
D. Quota
 In a study of effects of alcohol on driving
ability, the control group should be given

A. A high dosage of alcohol.

B. One-half the dosage given the experimental
group.
C. A driving test before and after drinking alcohol.
D. No alcohol at all.
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
 Obsessive Compulsive disorder is caused by
fixation at which stage of psychosocial
development.

A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Genital
 After being insulted by the boss Ahmed goes
home and beats his child. This is an
example of

A. Reaction Formation
B. Repression
C. Displacement
D. Sublimation
 Flash back and re-living the traumatic
event again and again and feeling the same
agony and pain are the symptoms of

A. Nightmares
B. Post traumatic stress disorder
C. Phobia
D. Anxiety
 You take Panadol to get rid of an
unpleasant headache. It is one of the
example of ___.

A. Positive reinforcement
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Classical Conditioning
D. Premack Principle
 An individual having which of the following
disorders would be LEAST likely to
experience guilt or remorse?

A. Obsessive- compulsive disorder

B. Generalized anxiety disorder
C. Antisocial personality disorder
D. Schizophrenia
COGNITION
 Texture gradient is an example of a
binocular cue.

True / False
 Anosmia refers to the loss of the sense
of color vision.

True / False
 After constant exposure to a stimulus,
our nerve cells fire less frequently.

True /False
 The first workable intelligence test
was developed by Binet for the
purpose of testing children entering
school.

True / False
 The purpose of eardrum is to protect
the sensitive nerves underneath it. It
serves no purpose in actual hearing.

True / False
STATISTICS
 Standard error tells the difference
between sample mean and population
mean.

True / False
 Power of the test means that the test
will correctly reject a false null
hypothesis.

True / False
 The value of Mean is not affected by
extreme scores.

True / False
 In case of ANOVA the mean difference
among the levels of one factor is called
interaction effect.

True / False
 Mode is the only measure of central
tendency that can be used with nominal
scale data.

True / False
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Group polarization occurs when in a group,
the members cannot agree on a decision
due to differing opinions.

True / False
 According to social exchange theory, a
person’s tendency towards altruistic
behavior is based on social norms.

True / False
 Easy identification of the contribution of
group members increase social loafing.

True / False
 Perception of oneself as a woman or man,
masculine or feminine is ones gender
identity.

True / False
 After a friend tells sana that a seat belt
saved her life, she begin to buckle up
whenever she get in a car. This is an
example of normative social influence.

True / False
PERSPECTIVES IN
PSYCHOLOGY
 One of the most important concept in
humanistic perspective is unconditional
positive regard.

True / False
 Introspection was the main method of study
used by Functionalist school of thought.

True / False
 Freud believed that all thoughts and actions
are determined by forces in the personality
that are often unconscious.

True / False
 Firtz Pearl proposed a need to develop one's
potential and be the best one can be, which he
called Self-actualization.

True / False
 The eclectic approach embraces a variety of
theoretical views.

True / False
PSYCHOMETRICS
 Items having high difficulty level will
increase the reliability of the test.

True / False
 Rorschach's projective test is designed
to measure conscious intentions.

True / False
 The degree to which two clinicians will
agree on interpretation or scoring of a test
is called inter-rater reliability.

True / False
 Neuropsychological tests attempt to
measure deficits in cognitive functioning.

True / False
 Face validity pertains to the issue of rapport
building.

True / False
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
 Binge Eating Disorder is linked to
dissatisfaction with body shape.

True / False
 Conversion symptoms are not considered to
be under voluntary control.

True / False
 Psychodynamic therapy emphasize
correcting irrational thoughts.

True / False
 Anxiety disorder is referred to as an excessive
or aroused state characterized by feelings of
apprehension, uncertainty and fear.

True / False
 Comorbidity refers to co-occurrence of two or
more distinct disorders.

True / False
APPLIED STATISTICS
 A sampling distribution might be based on
which of the following?

A. Sample means
B. Sample correlations
C. Sample proportions
D. All of the above
 The condition in which you fail to reject the
null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is
actually false is known as:

A. Type I error
B. Type II error
C. Type III error
D. Type IV error
 A statistical test used to compare 2 or more
group means is known as _____.

A. Analysis of variance
B. Post hoc test
C. T-test for correlation coefficients
D. Simple regression
 The use of the laws of probability to make
inferences and draw statistical conclusions
about populations based on sample data is
referred to as ___________.

A. Descriptive statistics
B. Inferential statistics
C. Sample statistics
D. Population statistics
 The cut-off the researcher uses to decide
whether to reject the null hypothesis is
called the:

A. Significance level
B. Alpha level
C. Probability value
D. Both a and b are correct
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
 If a child repeatedly violates the rules,
age appropriate societal norms, or rights
of others for at least 12 months is said to
be diagnosed with

A. ADHD
B. Conduct Disorder.
C. Oppositional Defiant Disorder
D. None of the above
 A disorder that makes the sufferer to see
himself over weight when they are
dangerously thin, most appropriately gets
the diagnosis of

A. Anorexia nervosa
B. Bulimia nervosa
C. Binge eating.
D. Body dysmorphic disorder
 Feelings about an interviewee may be
aroused in an interviewer by the
interviewee’s resemblance to someone in the
interviewer’s past. This is an example of

A. Displacement
B. Projection
C. Counter transference
D. Identification
 According to Carl Rogers, which of the
following therapist characteristics is
essential for effective psychotherapy?

A. Insight into personality dynamics

B. Awareness of the interplay of physiology and
psychology
C. Objective observation of the person in
therapy
D. Accurate empathic understanding
 Which of the following is not a negative
symptom of Schizophrenia.

A. Inappropriate affect
B. Avolition
C. Alogia
D. Flat affect
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Piaget’s stage in which there is animism and
lack of conservation is called

A. Sensorimotor stage
B. Preoperational stage
C. Concrete operational stage
D. Formal operational stage
 A child assuming her color pencil to be a
lipstick is an example of

A. Schema
B. Pretend play
C. Animism
D. Egocentrism
 When a student is learning a new task, the
teacher gives direct instructions but as the
competence of the student increases the
teacher also decreases her guidance. This is
called

A. Upper limit of Zone of proximal

development
B. Lower limit of Zone of proximal
development
C. Dialogue
D. Scaffolding
 Raza slides down in his seat to avoid being
called on by the teacher. His behavior
reflects which of the following in an effort
to protect his self-worth by avoiding
failure?

A. Failure syndrome
B. Non performance
C. Procrastination
D. Setting unreachable goals
 Ms. Mahrukh has a pet rabbit in her
classroom. One day while Amna is petting
the rabbit, it bites her. Amna decides that
all rabbits are mean. This is an example of
what kind of reasoning?

A. Analogy
B. Critical thinking
C. Deductive
D. Inductive
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
 The conduction of a nerve impulse down
the axon is called a(n)

A. Ion potential.
B. Action potential.
C. Resting state.
D. Synapse.
 After successfully running from the large,
grizzly bear that was running directly
toward you, you pause to catch your breath
and calm down. The physical symptoms you
now experience are controlled by the:

A. Sympathetic nervous system.

B. Parasympathetic nervous system.
C. Central nervous system.
D. Neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
 A barefoot child steps on a bee, then jerks
his or her foot back in response to the sting.
This response has likely involved all parts
of the nervous system EXCEPT

A. The brain.
B. The spinal cord.
C. Motor neurons.
D. Connector neurons or interneurons
 Often the first signs of neurological disorders
are deficits in basic cognitive functions and
also deficits in skills that involve problem-
solving, planning and engaging in goal-directed
behavior. These types of functions are known
as

A. Directive functions
B. Executive functions
C. Management functions
D. Slave functions
 What effect do neurotransmitters from one
neuron have on the next neuron?

A. They have no effect.

B. They excite it.
C. They inhibit it.
D. They may excite or inhibit it.
PERSONAL &
INTERPERSONAL
PERSPECTIVES
 Which of the following is the social psychology
principle illustrated by the Stanford Prison
Experiment and its findings about
participants’ behavior?

A. Social situations have powerful influences on

human behavior
B. An experience is only socially real when the
group is unanimous about interpreting it
C. Because everyone is basically different, no two
people will respond to the same circumstances in
the same way
D. Even in healthy circumstances, disturbed people
will behave in unhealthy ways
 When Usman does well on a test, he claims
responsibility for the success, but, when he
does poorly on the test, he denies responsibility
and blames his professor for writing a difficult
test with ambiguous items. This is an example
of

A. Self handicapping
B. Self reference effect
C. A positive illusion
D. Self serving bias
 After Sandy helped Jack move into his new
apartment, Jack felt obligated to help Sandy
when she moved. Jack’s sense of responsibility
can best be explained by

A. Evolutionary Psychology
B. Two factor theory
C. The social responsibility norm
D. The reciprocity norm.
 After waiting in line for an hour to buy concert
tickets, Amina is told that the concert is sold
out. In her anger, she pounds her fist on the
ticket counter, frightening the clerk. Amina’s
behavior is best explained by:

A. Evolutionary Psychology
B. Social exchange theory
C. Bystander effect
D. The frustration aggression hypothesis
 X, Y and Z have a group project in their
Economics class. They write a paper on “Adam
Smith”. X and Z do all the work whereas Y
does little or no work. Because grades are
assigned to groups of students, the three of
them get “A’s”. Y’s “A” grade demonstrates

A. A free ride
B. A bad apple effect
C. De individuation
D. All of the above.
RESEARCH METHODS
 A researcher is interested in the effects of a
preschool program on later school
performance. Because she is concerned that
socio-economic-status (SES) is a potential
extraneous variable in her study, she picks
children to study who are only from low
income homes. The control technique she used
in this study was

A. Random assignment
B. Holding the extraneous variable constant
C. Statistically controlling the extraneous variable
D. None of the above
 What is the difference between A-B-A
design and A-B-A-B design?

A. Both designs end on the treatment condition

B. Neither design ends on a treatment condition
C. Baseline conditions are only established in
the A-B-A-B design
D. A-B-A-B allows the reintroduction of the
treatment condition during the last phase
 Which of the following best describes a double-
blind experimental procedure?

A. All subjects get the experimental procedure.

B. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure,
half placebo; which treatment they receive is
known only to the experimenter.
C. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure,
half the placebo; which treatment they receive is
not known to subjects or experimenters.
D. All subjects get the control procedure.
 A teacher believes that one group of children is
very bright and that a second is below average
in ability. Actually, the groups are identical,
but the first group progresses more rapidly
than the second. This demonstrates

A. The self-fulfilling prophecy.

B. The placebo effect in a natural experiment.
C. Observer bias in naturalistic observation.
D. The ethical problems of field experiments.
 When constructing a questionnaire, there
are several principles to which you should
adhere. Which of the following is not one of
those principles?

A. Do not use leading or loaded questions

B. Avoid double-barreled questions
C. Avoid double negatives
D. Avoid using multiple items to measure a
single construct