Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Presented By:
SHAKIL AHMED
1
2 OUTLINE
• Introduction
1.
3.
• Current issues/Concerns of environment in Pakistan
• Conclusion
4.
3 1. Introduction
Environmental
concerns
Socio-
Demographic
economic
Industrial Population
Agriculture
development growth
5 3. Current issues/Concerns of environment in Pakistan
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1951 1990 2025
8 Water availability (m3/C/year)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Pakistan
200
0
1996-97 2006 2025
9 3.2 Quality & Scarcity of potable water
Water quality of most of rivers, lakes, ground aquifers of the country not
to be safe for human consumption.
Study conducted by PCRWR about water quality of 21 cities 6 rivers and
10 reservoirs of the country in 2002-2006.
Conclusion of study reveals that an average of 84-89% of water sources
throughout the country have water quality below the recommended for
human consumption.
Source pH Turbidity TDS (mg/l) Coliform (MPN/100ml) E.coli (MPN/100ml)
(NTU)
/WHO Guidelines 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 Must not be detectable in any 100 Must not be detectable in
10 ml sample any 100ml sample
Rawal dam 7.9 24 208 >16 >16
Sutlej River 7.5 694 580 >16 >16
Mangla dam 8.2 4 93 >16 >16
Ravi River 7.5 670 127 >16 >16
Chenab River 7.6 580 115 >16 >16
Kabul River 6.1 774 120 >16 >16
Swat River 7.3 36 46 >16 >16
Indus River 7.6 76 84 >16 >16
Kanpur dam 8.1 2 222 >16 >16
Tarbela dam 7.9 52 94 >16 >16
Hanna lake 7.5 11 385 >16 >16
Manchar lake 7.6 134 5318 >16 5
Hub dam 7.2 5 743 >16 >16
Jehlum River 7.8 419 132 >16 >16
Hamal lake 7.3 12 4652 >16 >16
Chashma lake 7.8 183 132 >16 >16
11 3.3 Water pollution from raw sewage & industrial
effluents
It has been estimated that around 2000MGD of sewage is being
discharged to surface water bodies in Pakistan.
Latest estimates reveal that total quantity of wastewater produced in
Pakistan is 2637MGD, including 1846.6MGD from municipal and
790MGD from industrial.
The total wastewater discharge to major rivers is 1075MGD which
includes 868MGD from municipal and 207MGD of industrial effluent.
It has been estimated only 1% of industrial wastewater in Pakistan is
treated before discharge.
12 Wastewater discharge of major cities
City Urban Total wastewater % of total Receiving water body
population Produced (MGD)
(lacs) 1998
Karachi 9,339,023 365 26.3 Arabian sea
Lahore 5,143,495 173 12.5 Ravi river, irrigation canals
Faisalabad 2,008,861 78 5.6 River Ravi, River Chenab
Gujranwala 1,132,509 43 3.1 SCRAP drains, vegetable farms
Rawalpindi 1,409,768 24 1.8 River soan, vegetable farms
Sheikhupura 870,110 9 0.7 SCRAP drains
Multan 1,197,384 40 2.9 River Chenab, irrigation canals
Sialkot 713,552 11.46 0.8 River Ravi, irrigation canals
Hyderabad 1,166,894 31 2.2 River Indus, SCRAP drains, irrigation canals
According to soil survey of Pakistan, the total water logged summer rain
area in the country is 4.11 million hectares. And water logged area doubled
during post monsoon.
High water table has serious adverse effects on agriculture. Over 25 % of
the Indus basin the water table has risen to 2m of soil surface, in result
40000 hectares of land being lost.
Over 5.7 million hectares land is salt affected and 2.4 million hectares is
highly saline according to soil survey of Pakistan.
The soil of 13.6 million hectares was surveyed 23% of this in Sindh and
13% in the Punjab.
3.9 Desertification
21
Desertification is a process that turns productive land into non-
productive desert. It mainly occurs in semi arid areas (mean rainfall
less than 60mm).