 What is acidity?

Acidity or acid reflux is a

very common condition
affecting many Indians. This
condition is characterized by
heartburn felt around the
lower chest area, which is
caused by the stomach acid
flowing back up into the food
pipe. Very few people realize
the unhealthy eating habits
and poor lifestyle choices that
cause this condition.
 How does acidity occur?
The food we eat passes down
the esophagus into the stomach.
The gastric glands in the
stomach create acid which is
necessary to digest the food and
to kill any germs. Acidity occurs
when the gastric glands produce
a large amount of acid, more
than what is needed for the
digestion process. This condition
is characterized by a burning
sensation just above the
stomach, or right below the
breastbone (the hollow part).
This condition is very common
in India due to the heavy
consumption of oily and spicy
foods by Indians.
 What are the symptoms of
acidity?
 The symptoms of acid reflux
include:
 burning sensation in the
stomach
 burning sensation in the throat
and heart
 difficulty in swallowing
 regurgitation
 restlessness
 belching
 nausea
 prolonged sour taste in the
mouth
 bad breath
 indigestion
 constipation
  Home based remedies for
acidity
1. Banana-Bananas are
extremely beneficial for gut
and stomach health because
of their high fiber content
which enhances the digestion
process. They are rich in
potassium and increase the
production of mucus in the
stomach which prevents
excess acid formation and
also fights the harmful effects
of excessive acid production.
A ripe banana is a perfect
antidote to severe bouts of
acidity.
2. Cold milk- It is a known fact
that milk contains a high
amount of calcium which makes
it a superfood for bone health.
But did you know that calcium
is also one of the main
ingredients in your over-the-
counter antacids? Calcium helps
to maintain the Ph balance and
aids in proper digestion. This is
the reason cold milk can
provide you instant relief from
the burning sensation one feels
during acidity and acid reflux.
The calcium in milk also curbs
and prevents acid build up and
also absorbs the excess acid
produced. Remember though
that cold milk is more effective
than hot milk and not to add
any additives like sugar, or
chocolate powder to the milk.
3. Buttermilk-cold buttermilk is another
useful antidote to acidity. To get relief
from heartburn, drink up a glass of
cold buttermilk. Buttermilk contains
lactic acid that neutralizes the acidity
in the stomach. The lactic acid further
soothes the stomach by coating the
stomach lining and reducing the
irritation and acid reflux symptoms.
Besides, buttermilk is a naturally
occurring probiotic. Probiotics are
extremely important for good digestion
process and that’s why many doctors
recommend probiotic supplements on a
daily basis. The good bacteria present in
probiotics prevent the gas build-up and
bloating that often causes acid reflux. It
also allows the nutrients and foods to
be digested and absorbed properly
which ultimately eliminates and reduces
the possibility of acidity occurrence and
keeps your gastrointestinal health in
good condition. This is why Indian
meals are followed by buttermilk or
chaas as it is known in Indian
households. Next time you have a spicy
or heavy meal follow it up with
buttermilk and sprinkle a dash of black
pepper powder to make it even more
beneficial.
4. Basil Leaves

 Basil leaves or Tulsi, as we

know them better, stimulates
our stomach to produce more
mucus which in turn helps to
relieve heartburn and nausea
that often occurs with acidity.
Chew 2-3 basil leaves to
minimize your stomach acid.
Furthermore, basil leaves when
consumed soothes the inflamed
oesophagus and stomach lining
caused by excessive stomach
acid production. Basil leaves also
have antiulcer properties which
reduce the effect of gastric acids
and curb gas production. Basil
leaf juice and powder are also
often used in Ayurvedic
medicines for indigestion.
5. Pineapple juice
Pineapple juice is another
natural remedy to provide relief
from acidity and heartburn.
Drink a glass of pineapple juice
if you have had a spicy meal
and detect symptoms of acidity.
Pineapple juice is a tried and
tested remedy to prevent as
well as reduce hyperacidity and
heartburn. Pineapples also
contain bromelain, which is an
enzyme that helps controls
levels of hydrochloric acid in
your stomach and works to
prevent severe acid reflux.
Besides pineapple juice, edible
aloe vera juice is also known to
be a coolant and a natural
remedy to relieve heartburn.
 ANTACIDS
Antacids are medicines that
counteract (neutralize) the
acid in your stomach to
releases. Antacids are the
most commonly used product
for treating heartburn
discomfort. And because they
start to work in seconds,
they're also the fastest way to
relieve your symptoms.
Available without a
prescription, antacids are
available in convenient
chewable tablets or as a
liquid. Most are relatively
inexpensive, making antacids
a popular product for fast
relief.
 Antacids are the fastest acting
heartburn relief available
because they start to weaken
the acid in your stomach the
second they reach it. The
weaker the acid in your
stomach, the less likely it is to
give you heartburn. The longer
an antacid stays in the
stomach, the longer it works.
And having some food in your
stomach may actually prolong
an antacid’s effect.1
 Most antacids contain at least
one of these key ingredients:
calcium carbonate, magnesium
hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide
and/or sodium bicarbonate.
 Experiment
Aim-To understand
standardization of acids and
bases by titration perform
titration calculations,
comparing theoretical and
experimental results
Theory
 Antacids react with excess stomach
acid by neutralization.
 i.e. HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
 During the process, hydrogen ions H+
from the acid (proton donor) or a
hydronium ion H3O+ and hydroxide ions
OH Θ from the base (proton acceptor)
react together to form a water
molecule H2O. In the process, a salt is
also formed when the anion from acid
and the cation from base react
together. Neutralization reactions are
generally classified as exothermic since
heat is released into the surroundings.
 Acids are proton donors which convert
into conjugated bases. They are
generally pure substances which contain
hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them to be
produced in solutions. Hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are
common examples. In water, these
break apart into ions:
 HCl → H+(aq) + ClΘ(aq) OR
 H2SO4 → H+(aq) + HSO4Θ(aq)
 Bases are proton acceptors which convert
into conjugated acids. They are generally
substances which contain hydroxide ion
(OHΘ) or produce it in solution. Alkalis are
the soluble bases, i.e. a base which contains
a metal from group 1 or 2 of the periodic
table. To produce hydroxide ions in water,
the alkali breaks apart into ions as below:
NaOH→ Na+(aq) + OHΘ(aq)
Examples of bases include sodium hydroxide
(NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH),
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Antacids are
generally bases.
 Explanation of action of neutralization of
antacids :
 The Lewis definition of acid-base reactions
is a donation mechanism, which
conversely attributes the donation of
electron pairs from bases and the
acceptance by
acids.
 Ag + + 2 :NH3 → [H3N :Ag: NH3]+
(A silver cation reacts as an acid with
ammonia which acts as an electron-pair
donor, forming an ammonia-silver adduct)
 In reactions between Lewis acids and
bases, there is the formation of an
adduct whenthe highest occupied
molecular orbital (HOMO) of a
molecule, such as NH3 withavailable
lone electron pair(s) donates lone pairs
of electrons to the electron-
deficientmolecule's lowest unoccupied
molecular orbital (LUMO)through a co-
ordinate covalent bond; in such a
reaction, the HOMO-interacting
molecule acts as a base, and the
LUMO-interacting molecule acts as an
acid. In highly-polar molecules, such as
boron trifluoride (BF3), the most
electronegative element pulls electrons
towards its own orbitals, providing a
more positive charge on the less-
electronegative element and a
difference in its electronic structure due
to the axial or equatorial orbiting
positions of its electrons, causing
repulsive
 effects from lone pair-bonding pair
(Lp-Bp) interactions between bonded
atoms in excess of those already
provided by bonding pair-bonding pair
(Bp-Bp) interactions.
Materials required
 The following were the
materials required for the
project:
1. burette(50ml)
2. Pipette(20ml)
3. Conical Flasks(250ml)
4. Measuring Cylinder(10ml)
5. Beakers(100ml)
6. Standard Flasks(100ml)
7. Filter Paper
8. Funnel
9. Bunsen Burner
10.Weighing machine
11.Clean & glazed white tile
12.GlassRod
13.Water
14.Crusher
 Procedure : Put some water in the burette
and practice controlling the stopcock. Do not
fill burettes on the work-bench. Always keep
all chemicals below eye level. This decreases
the chance of getting chemicals in your eye in
the event of a spill.

 If you have air bubbles in the burette, gently

knock the bottom of the burette to free them
so they can rise to the surface.

 You will determine the volume of titrant

delivered by subtracting the initial burette
reading from the final (volume by difference).

 Mount the burette on the stand. In real

titrations, you would put a white towel or
piece of paper over the dark base of the ring
stand so the color change of the indicator will
be easy to see.
 Since this is a practice, your titrant is water.

You're just practicing the stopcock control and

volume reading. The goal is to get a feel for

the burette.

 Practice reading the volume (liquid level at

the bottom of the meniscus). Take readings to

0.01 or 0.02 mL.

 Record the initial volume of water. Add water

to a collection flask and read the new volume.

Find the volume of water added by difference.

 Practice by delivering a milliliter, a few drops,

and one drop.

Precautions
 Avoid touching the antacid with
your fingers.
 Be careful not to lose any solid
when crushing the antacid tablet.
 Avoid touching hot surfaces when
working near the hot plate and be
cautious when transporting heated
solutions.
 The hot plate should not be left
unattended .
 Dilute HCl and NaOH were
corrosive and can damage your
eyes and cause skin irritation.
 The burettete must be rinsed out
with NaOH before use to prevent
dilution of the solution.
 It should be made sure that there
were no air bubbles in the
burettete tips.
 burettete readings should be
recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
 Sodium hydroxide should be
removed from the burettete as
soon as possible after the
titration. It was because NaOH
is corrosive and it reacted with
carbon dioxide in the air to
form sodium carbonate which
was a white solid and clogged
the tip of the burettete easily.
 Rinse all apparatus thoroughly
using Distilled water. Any
residual chemicals could cause
variations in pH readings.
 Tap on the weighing machine
after it shows required value to
confirm a precise reading
 Pipette out the solutions
carefully as it is possible to
accidentally ingest the solution.
 Side effects of antacids
 Antacids (for example, calcium
carbonate) when consumed in
high doses and for long periods
of time may cause acid
rebound. Acid rebound is
a condition in which the
stomach produces even more
acid after the consumption of
foods and drinks. Fortunately,
the effects of acid rebound are
not clinically important.
 High-dose calcium carbonate
and sodium bicarbonate when
taken together can cause a
condition called milk-alkali
syndrome. Its symptoms
include headache, nausea,
irritability, and weakness,
hypercalcemia (high blood
calcium levels), and reduced
function of the kidneys.
 Extensive use of aluminum-
containing antacids may
cause hypophosphatemia (low
phosphate levels in the blood),
which in severe cases could
lead to muscle
weakness, anorexia , and
osteomalacia (softening of the
bones due to
defective bone mineralization)
.
 Antacids containing
aluminum hydroxide should
be used with caution in
patients who have recently
suffered massive upper
gastrointestinal bleeding.
 https://www.rxlist.com/antacids
/drugs-condition.htm
 www.academia.edu
 www.webassign.net
 www.nhs.uk
 www.femina.in
 www.practo.com