FREQUENCY-SHIFT

KEYING
ECE41a - Digital Communication

Aromin, Jessa | Cardosa, Jaime | Jadman, Dianie | Paas, Nathaniel | Fillarca, Reden| Purol, Gilbert
 What is FSK?

- is a form of constant-amplitude angle modulation similar

to standard frequency modulation(FM) except the
modulating signal is a binary signal that varies between
two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously
changing analog waveform

- also called Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)

Frequency-Shift Keying
- general expression for FSK

𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos{2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 ∆𝑓 𝑡}

where: 𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = binary FSK waveform

𝑉𝑐 = peak analog carrier amplitude (volts)

𝑓𝑐 = analog carrier center frequency(hertz)

∆𝑓 = peak change in the analog carrier frequency(hertz)

𝑣𝑚 𝑡 = binary input (modulating) signal (volts)

Frequency-Shift Keying

𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos{2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 ∆𝑓 𝑡}

the peak shift in the carrier frequency(∆𝑓) is proportional to

the amplitude of the binary input signal (𝑣𝑚 𝑡 ), and the
direction of the shift is determined by the polarity.
Frequency-Shift Keying

for logic 1 input, 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 =+1;

𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓 𝑡

for logic 0 input, 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 =-1;

𝑣𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑓 𝑡
Frequency-Shift Keying −∆𝑓 +∆𝑓

• As the binary input signal changes fs fc fm

from a logic 0 to a logic 1 and vice 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐 1
versa, the output frequency shifts
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐 0
between two frequencies: a mark, or
logic 1 frequency (𝑓𝑚 ), and a space,
or logic 0 frequency (𝑓𝑠 ).
Frequency-Shift Keying
Frequency deviation – difference between either the mark
or space frequency and the center frequency, or half the
difference between the mark and space frequencies.

|𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 |
∆𝑓 =
2

where ∆𝑓 = frequency deviation(hertz)

|𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 | = absolute difference between space and mark

frequencies(hertz)
FSK Bit Rate, Baud, and Bandwidth

• baud for binary FSK:

𝑓𝑏
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 =
1
• minimum bandwidth for FSK:

B= 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑏 − 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑏
= |𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒎 | + 𝟐𝒇𝒃
since |𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒎 | equals 2∆𝑓, the minimum bandwidth can be:

B = 2 ∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑏
where B = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
𝑓𝑏 = input bit rate (bps)
FSK Bit Rate, Baud, and Bandwidth
Example 1:
Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation (b) minimum bandwidth, and
(c) baud for a binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, a
space frequency of 51 kHz, and an input bit rate of 2 kbps.
Solution
(a) the peak frequency deviation (b) The minimum bandwidth

| 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 |
∆𝑓 = 𝐵 = 2( ∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑏 )
2
| 49 𝑘𝐻𝑧 − 51𝑘𝐻𝑧| 𝐵 = 2( 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧 + 2 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠 )
∆𝑓 =
2
∆𝑓 = 𝟏 𝐤𝐇𝐳 𝐵 = 𝟔 𝐤𝐇𝐳
FSK Bit Rate, Baud, and Bandwidth
(c) For FSK, N = 1, and the baud

𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 =
𝑁
2 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 =
1
𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑 = 𝟐 𝐤𝐛𝐩𝐬
FSK Bit Rate, Baud, and Bandwidth
• As shown in Figure, the fastest rate of change (highest fundamental
frequency) in a nonreturn-to-zero(NRZ) binary signal occurs when
alternating 1s and 0s are occurring.

• Since it takes a high and a low to produce a cycle, the highest

fundamental frequency present in a square wave equals the repetition
rate of the square wave, which with binary signal equal to half the bit
rate.
𝑓𝑏
𝑓𝑎 =
2
where 𝑓𝑎 = highest fundamental frequency of the binary input
signal(hertz)
 Figure 9.5

Highest fundamental
frequency:
f =fb/2

f =fb/4

tb tb tb tb
FSK Bit Rate, Baud, and Bandwidth

• The formula used for modulation index of FM is also valid in FSK:

∆𝑓
ℎ=
𝑓𝑎
where ℎ = h-factor in FSK (FM modulation index)

• The worst-case modulation index(deviation ratio) is that which

yields the widest bandwidth.

• The worst-case bandwidth occurs when both frequency deviation

and the modulating frequency are their maximum values.
FSK Bit Rate, Baud, and Bandwidth

• The peak frequency deviation in FSK is always constant and always

at its maximum value, and the highest fundamental frequency is
equal to half the incoming bit rate. Thus,

|𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 |
ℎ= 2
𝑓𝑏
2
|𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 |
ℎ=
𝑓𝑏
FSK Bit Rate, Baud, and Bandwidth
Example 2:
Using a Bessel table, determine the minimum bandwidth for the same
FSK signal described in example 1 with a mask frequency of 49 Khz,
and an input bit rate of 2Kbps.
Solution
(a) H-factor -from Bessel function, h=1 has three
significant sidebands
| 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑠 |
h=
2
| 49 𝑘𝐻𝑧 − 51𝑘𝐻𝑧| B = 2 3 x 1000
h=
2𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠 B=6000 Hz
h=𝟏
 Thank you
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