SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM AYESHA MUSHTAQ

SUBMITTED BY :Aiman Farooq

Roll no: 221651003
BS IR- III
SUBJECT: ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT
Topic: The Problem Of Extended Deterrence in Nato
Arms Control and Disarmament
(Edited by Paolo Foradori, Giampiero Giacomello and Alessandro Pascolini )

The Problem of Extended Deterrence in NATO

International School on Disarmament and Research on Conflict
(ISODARCO) published collection of contributions made by
leading experts of nuclear field during their participation in
educational activities of International School of Disarmament and
Research on Conflict ISODARCO. The Arms Control and
Disarmament is that publication.
This chapter is written by JANE M.O SHARP in which he explain
the “PROBLEM OF EXTENDED DETERRENCE IN NATO”. Three
dimensions that can be analyzed the American security reliability.
1.presumed adversary 2.reasurring to the European Allies and 3.
Convincing to the US.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization-NATO
Second World War enough to deter the each European
state from directly threatening the interest of the other.
NATO was formed for deterring the Soviet Union from
the attack on interests of European States and USA.
Perceptions of American interest are as important as
their assessments of American military capability in
deterring Soviet aggression against Western Europe.
Reassuring Allies
It is a crucial aspect for NATO and called
a flexible strategy for the success of the
alliance. Degree of reassurance depends
on perception of East-West military
balance, geography,history of support in
crisis, Images of adversaries, confidence
on political leadership
EXTENDED PROBLEMS
One of the problem is The American policy-
NATO’s security makers who advocate
dilemma. US dilemma is cooperative behavior
nuclear conflict on behalf toward the Soviet Union
of European Allies and will often be the least
NATO and tend to see reassuring to
NATO as an unnecessary conservative Western
drain on American European governments.
resources and a restraint
on unilateral American
intervention in Third
World trouble spot.
European Dilemma is the
credibility of extended nuclear
deterrence. France and Great
Britain never showed much
confidence in the American
nuclear guarantee and acquired
their own nuclear deterrent
forces. The conservative
governments in Great Britain,
France and West Germany were
not at all enthusiastic about the
double-zero Intermediate- range
Nuclear Force INF agreement
forged by the United States and
the Soviet Union, since they
believed this would generate
pressure to build up conventional
forces in Western Europe.
Despite the inherent
incredibility of a nuclear
guarantee, West European
expressions of confidence in
the American nuclear
umbrella have been
important politically by
coupling American and West
European security interests
and,economically as
rationalising smaller non-
nuclear forces in the West
European NATO countries
For European states the
two concerns over
deterrence are
presence of American
troops in Europe, and
manifestation of
American interest in
the political and
territorial
independence of
Western Europe.
• Political confidence in • It is the lack of West
United States leadership European confidence in
counts greatly because the continued presence
confidence in the United of American
States can be shaken by conventional forces
many different kinds of which suggest greater
activities as when West European
American leaders refuse independence from
to negotiate with the Washington, if not
Soviet Union, or when necessarily closer
they intervene in Third rapprochement with the
World trouble spots. East.
• American administration must confront the basic dilemma of
alliance , namely, how to establish a security regime with the Soviet
Union that also reassures Western Europe. Specifically, the United
States must find ways to make détente and arms control with the
Soviet Union acceptable to conservatives in Western Europe.
 Nuclear Weapons are weapons of Mass Destruction. The states desire
to increase their weapons because of security threat. After the 9/11
incident most of the states increase their weapons. Arms race was
started between countries and they appeared bound to increase their
weapons. Today’s the presence and proliferation of nuclear weapons is
a threat to global security.