CHAPTER 8

EXERGY
Lecture # 4
Concept of Exergy

Hint: Both have exactly the same amount of energy

The ability to do work depends upon both the state of the
resource and the state of the surroundings
 a potential for developing work
exists whenever two systems at
different states are brought into
communication
 work can be developed as the
two systems are allowed to come
into equilibrium.
Definition of exergy
Exergy is the maximum theoretical work obtainable from an overall
system consisting of a system and the environment as the system
comes into equilibrium with the environment

Exergy Reference Environment

• Environment is ambient condition that is large in extent and
uniform in temperature,T0 and pressure, p0
• Values for both p0 and T0 used are normally taken as typical
ambient conditions, such as 1 atm. and 25℃ (77.8F).

Dead State
When a system of interest is at T0 and p0 and at rest relative to the
environment.
At the dead state there can be no interaction no interaction between
system and environment and, thus, no potential for developing work
Unavailable energy
is the portion of
energy that cannot
be converted to
work by even a
reversible heat
engine.
Significance of Exergy
Exergy of a System: 1- Close System
Specific Exergy

Exergy Change
1. What is the exergy of 2.5 kg of
steam at 500 ℃, 1 MPA at a height
1.4 m above the ground level?,
Take environment condition to be
20 ℃, 1 atm.

2. What is the specific exergy of an ice

cube at 0 ℃?, Take environment
condition to be 20 ℃, 1 atm.
3. A system consists of 3 kg of concrete
at 80℃ and 4 bar. The system is at rest
and zero elevation in a reference
environment for which T0= 20 ℃, P0= 1
bar.
For concrete C=0.88 KJ/kg.K
Exergy Aspects
 Exergy has been viewed thus far as the maximum
theoretical work obtainable from an overall system of
system plus environment as the system passes from a
given state to the dead state.
 The value of exergy cannot be negative
 Exergy is not conserved but is destroyed by
irreversibilities
 When a system is at the dead state, it is in thermal and
mechanical equilibrium with environment, and the value
of exergy is zero.
 Alternatively, exergy can be regarded as the magnitude
of the minimum Theoretical work input required to bring
the system from the dead state to the given state.
CHAPTER 8
EXERGY
Lecture # 5
Exergy of flow stream (Control Volume)
EXERGY BALANCE: CLOSED SYSTEMS
The nature of exergy is opposite to that of entropy in that
exergy can be destroyed, but it cannot be created.
 General Exergy Balance of Close System

The system undergoes a process from state 1 to state 2.

A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1200 K at a
rate of 500 kJ/s and rejects the waste heat to a medium at
300 K. The power output of the heat engine is 180 kW.
Determine the reversible power and the irreversibility rate
for this process.
CHAPTER 8
EXERGY
Lecture # 6
Closed System Exergy Balance

Closed System Exergy Rate Balance

1. A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1200 K at a rate
of 500 kJ/s and rejects the waste heat to a medium at 300 K.
The power output of the heat engine is 180 kW. Determine the
reversible power and the irreversibility rate for this process,
and heat rejected to sink.
2. Calculate the loss in exergy when 25 kg of water at 95℃
mix with 35 kg of water at 35℃, the pressure being taken as
constant and the temperature of the surroundings being 15℃
( Cp of water = 4.2 kJ/kgK).
3. Water initially a saturated liquid at 150℃ (423.15 K) is
contained in a piston cylinder assembly. The water is heated to
the corresponding saturated vapor state in an internally
reversible process at constant temperature and pressure. For
T0 = 20℃ (293.15 K), p0 =1 bar, and ignoring the effects of
motion and gravity, determine per unit of mass, each in kJ/kg,
(a) the change in exergy, (b) the exergy transfer accompanying
heat transfer, (c) the exergy transfer accompanying work, and
(d) the exergy destruction.
CHAPTER 8
EXERGY
Lecture # 7
Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiency

thermal efficiency and the coefficient of

performance for devices are defined on the basis
of the first law only, and they are sometimes
referred to as the first-law efficiencies. The first
law efficiency, however, makes no reference to
the best possible performance, and thus it may
be misleading.
first-law efficiency alone is not a realistic measure of performance of
engineering devices. To overcome this deficiency, we define a second-law
efficiency

ratio of the actual thermal efficiency to the

maximum possible (reversible) thermal efficiency
under the same conditions

engine A is converting 60 percent of the available work

potential to useful work.
This ratio is only 43 percent for engine B.
Assuming that the system operates at
steady state and there is no work.
The closed system energy and exergy rate
balances reduces to:

Energy
Balance

Exergy
Balance
exergy utilization improving as the use temperature Tu
approaches the source temperature Ts
Example
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 6 MPa, 600C, and 80 m/s and leaves at 50
kPa, 100C, and 140 m/s. The surroundings to the turbine are at 25C,100 kPa. If
the power output of the turbine is 5MW, determine
(a)the power potential of the steam at its inlet conditions, in MW.
(b) the reversible power, in MW.
(c)the second law efficiency.

Assume steady-flow and neglect changes in potential energy.

Two options for generating hot water at steady state. In (a), water
heating is achieved by utilizing industrial waste heat supplied at a
temperature of 500 K. In (b), water heating is achieved by an electrical
resistor. For each case, devise and evaluate an exergetic efficiency.
Compare the calculated efficiency values and comment. Stray heat
transfer and the effects of motion and gravity are negligible. Let T0 =
20℃, P0 = 1 bar.
Problems:

8-28, 29, 30, , 33, 42, 45, 49, 50, 58,

63, 73, 77, 83,
Quiz # 2 & Assignment # 1
Monday 16/9/2018. at 6:00 PM.