MATH 04

PRE-CALCULUS
Course Outcome 1
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement (Angles in Degrees and Radians)
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement (Angles in Degrees and Radians)
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
DEFINITION
The word “Trigonometry” is derived from the Greek words τρίγωνον
(trigonon) which means triangle and μέτρων (metron) which means to
measure.

Branch of mathematics which deals with measurement of triangles

(i.e., their sides and angles), or more specifically, with the indirect
measurement of line segments and angles.
DEFINITION
A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three interior angles. The
sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES ACCORDING TO ANGLES:

1. Oblique triangle – a triangle with no right angle
• Acute triangle
• Obtuse triangle
2. Right triangle – a triangle with a right angle
3. Equiangular triangle – a triangle with equal angles
DEFINITION
A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three interior angles. The
sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES ACCORDING TO SIDES:

1. Scalene triangle, a triangle with no two sides equal.
2. Isosceles triangle, a triangle with two sides equal.
3. Equilateral triangle, a triangle with three equal sides.
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES:

1. Zero angle : 𝜃 = 0°
2. Acute angle : 0° < 𝜃 < 90°
3. Right angle : 𝜃 = 90°
4. Obtuse angle : 90° < 𝜃 < 180°
5. Straight angle : 𝜃 = 180°
6. Reflex angle : 180° < 𝜃 < 360°
7. Circular angle : 𝜃 = 360°
8. Complex angle : 𝜃 > 360°
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
DEFINITION
An angle is formed by rotating a given ray about its endpoint to some
terminal position. The original ray is the initial side of the angle, and
the second ray is the terminal side of the angle. The common endpoint
is the vertex of the angle.
DEFINITION
When the vertex of an angle is the origin of the rectangular coordinate
system and its initial side coincides with the positive x-axis, the angle is
said to be in the standard position.

Terminal
Side

Vertex
Initial Side
DEFINITION
Angles formed by a counterclockwise rotation are considered positive
angles, and angles formed by a clockwise rotation are considered
negative angles.
Initial Side

Terminal Terminal
Side Side

Initial Side

Positive Angle Negative Angle

DEFINITION
Two positive angles are complementary angles if the sum of the
measures of the angles is 90°. Each angle is the complement of the
other angle.
Two positive angles are supplementary angles if the sum of the
measures of the angles is 180°.Each angle is the supplement of the
other angle.
DEFINITION
Two positive angles are complementary angles if the sum of the
measures of the angles is 𝟗𝟎°. Each angle is the complement of the
other angle.
Two positive angles are supplementary angles if the sum of the
measures of the angles is 𝟏𝟖𝟎°. Each angle is the supplement of the
other angle.

Complementary Angles Supplementary Angles

ANGLE MEASURE
The measure of an angle is determined by the amount of rotation of
the initial side.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
A. Degree
• 1/360 of a complete revolution
• denoted by °
B. Radian
• measure of the central angle subtended by an arc whose length is
equal to the radius of the circle
• denoted by 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
ANGLE MEASURE
Given an arc length s on a circle of radius r, the measure of the central
ϴ
angle subtended by the arc is 𝑠 = radians.
𝑟

ϴ(𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 2𝜋 = 360°

𝜋 = 180°
ANGLE MEASURE
RADIAN- DEGREE CONVERSION
To convert from radians to degrees, multiply by:

180°
( )
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

To convert from degrees to radians, multiply by:

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
( )
180°
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement (Angles in Degrees and Radians)
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
COTERMINAL ANGLES
Coterminal angles are angles in standard position having the same
sides.

MEASURES OF COTERMINAL ANGLES

Given angle 𝜃 in standard position with measure 𝒙°, then the measures
of the angles that are coterminal with angle 𝜃 are given by
𝒙° + 𝒌 · 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎

where 𝒌 is an integer.
 EXAMPLES
1. Find the measure (if possible) of the complement and the supplement of
each angle.
a. 50° b. 130° c. 55°34’10”
2. Convert the degree measure to exact radian measure.
a. 30° b. 225° c. – 120°
3. Convert the radian measure to exact degree measure.
a. 𝜋/4 b. 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 c. – 5𝜋/6
4. Use a calculator to convert each decimal degree measure to its
equivalent DMS measure.
a. 18.96°
b. 224.282°
 EXAMPLES
5. Use a calculator to convert each DMS measure to its equivalent
degree measure.
a. 141°6’9”
b. 19°12’18”
6. Find the degree measure of the angle for each rotation and sketch
each angle in standard position.
a. 2/3 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
b. 5/9 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement (Angles in Degrees and Radians)
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
LENGTH OF A CIRCULAR ARC
Let 𝒓 be the length of the radius of a circle and Ө be the non-negative
radian measure of a central angle of the circle. Then the length of the arc 𝒔
that subtends the central angle is 𝒔 = 𝒓Ө.

r
 s

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 Ө 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
AREA OF A CIRCULAR SECTOR
Circular Sector – is a figure formed by two radii and an arc.
Area of circular sector is given by, 𝑨 = ½ 𝒓𝒔
but 𝑠 = 𝑟Ө
so 𝐴 = ½ 𝑟 (𝑟Ө)
thus, 𝑨 = ½ 𝒓𝟐 Ө

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 Ө 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement (Angles in Degrees and Radians)
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
LINEAR AND ANGULAR SPEED
Definition of Linear and Angular Speed of a Point Moving on a Circular
Path
A point moves on a circular path with radius 𝒓 at a constant rate of Ө
radians per unit of time 𝒕. Its linear speed is
𝑠
𝑣=
𝑡
where 𝒔 is the distance the point travels, given by 𝒔 = 𝒓Ө. The point’s
angular speed is
𝜃
𝜔=
𝑡
RELATIONSHIP OF LINEAR AND
ANGULAR SPEED

The linear speed 𝒗 and the angular speed 𝝎, in radians per unit time,
of a point moving on a circular path with radius 𝒓 are related by

𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎
 EXAMPLES
1. Find the length of an arc that subtends a central angle 150° in a circle
with radius of 10𝑓𝑡.
2. Big Ben, the famous clock tower in London, has a minute hand that is 15𝑓𝑡
long. How far does the tip of the minute hand travels in 40 minutes?
3. A pulley with radius of 10𝑖𝑛. uses a belt to drive a pulley with a radius of
6𝑖𝑛. Find the angle through which the smaller pulley turns as the 10𝑖𝑛
pulley makes one revolution.
4. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Miami, Florida lie approximately on the same
meridian. Pittsburgh has a latitude of 40.5° N and Miami, 25.5°N. Find the
distance between these two cities. (The radius of the earth is 3960 miles)
5. An irrigation system uses a straight sprinkler pipe 300𝑓𝑡. long that pivots
around a central point. Due to an obstacle, the pipe is allowed to pivot
through 280° only. Find the area irrigated by the system.
 EXAMPLES
6. The top and bottom ends of a windshield wiper blade are 34𝑖𝑛. and
14 𝑖𝑛. from the pivot point, respectively. While in operation, the wiper
sweeps through 135° . Find the area swept by the blade.
7. A winch of radius 2𝑓𝑡. is used to lift heavy loads. If the winch makes 8
revolutions every 15 sec , find the speed at which the load is rising.
8. Each tire on a truck has a radius of 18𝑖𝑛. The tires are rotating at 500
revolutions per minute. Find the speed of the truck to the nearest mile
per hour.
9. Two pulleys, one 6𝑖𝑛. and the other 2𝑓𝑡. in diameter, are connected by a
belt. The larger pulley revolves at the rate of 60𝑟𝑝𝑚. Find the linear
velocity in 𝑓𝑡/min and calculate the angular velocity of the smaller
pulley in 𝑟𝑎𝑑/min .
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement (Angles in Degrees and Radians)
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
DEFINITION
THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

hypotenuse hypotenuse 
Opposite Adjacent
side side

Adjacent Opposite
side side

Let 𝜃 be an acute angle of a right triangle. The values of the six

trigonometric functions of 𝜃 are:
DEFINITION

length of opposite side length of adjacent side

sin   cos  
length of hypotenuse length of hypotenuse
length of opposite side length of adjacent side
tan   cot  
length of adjacent side length of opposite side
length of hypotenuse length of hypotenuse
sec   csc  
length of adjacent side length of opposite side
DEFINITION
RECIPROCAL FUNCTIONS
The following gives the reciprocal relations of the six trigonometric
functions:
1 1
sin   csc  
csc  sin 
1 1
cos   sec  
sec  cos 
1 1
tan   cot  
cot  tan 
DEFINITION
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
The Pythagorean Theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Referring to the
right triangle below, then
𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

The Pythagorean Theorem is used to find the side of a right triangle.

DEFINITION
Comparing the trigonometric functions of the acute angles 𝐴 and 𝐵,
and making use of the fact that 𝐴 and 𝐵 are complementary angles
(𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90°), then a b
sin A = sin B =
c c
B b a
cos A = cos B =
c c c
a a b
tan A = tan B =
b a
A b a
b C cot A = cot B =
a b
c c
sec A = sec B =
b a
c c
csc A = csc B =
a b
DEFINITION
• sin 𝐵 = sin(90°– 𝐴) = cos 𝐴
• cos 𝐵 = cos(90°– 𝐴) = sin 𝐴
• tan 𝐵 = tan (90°– 𝐴) = cot 𝐴
• cot 𝐵 = cot(90°– 𝐴) = tan 𝐴
• sec 𝐵 = sec(90°– 𝐴) = csc 𝐴
• csc 𝐵 = csc(90° – 𝐴) = sec 𝐴
The relations may then be expressed by a single statement that: A
trigonometric function of an angle is always equal to the co-function of
the complement of the angle.
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement (Angles in Degrees and Radians)
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
DEFINITION
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL ANGLES 45°, 30° AND 600

To find the functions of 45°, construct an isosceles right triangle with

each leg equal to 1, that is 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 1. By Pythagorean
Theorem, the hypotenuse 𝑐 = √2
DEFINITION
1 √2
𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = =
√2 2

2 45°
1 √2
𝑐𝑜𝑠45° = = 1
√2 2

1 45°
𝑡𝑎𝑛45° = = 1
1 1
DEFINITION
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡45° = = 1
1

√2 2 45°
𝑠𝑒𝑐45° = = 2 1
1

√2 45°
𝑐𝑠𝑐45° = = √2
1 1
DEFINITION
To find the functions of 30° and 60°, take an equilateral of side 2 and
draw the bisector of one of the angles. This bisector divides the triangle
into two congruent right triangles whose angles are 30° and 60°. By
Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the altitude is √3 .

30°
2
3

60°
1
DEFINITION
1 √3
𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = csc30° =
2 2

30°
√3 2√3
𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = sec30° = 2
2 3
3

√3
𝑡𝑎𝑛30° = cot60° = √3 60°
3
1
DEFINITION
√3 2√3
𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = csc60° =
2 3

30°
1 √3
𝑐𝑜𝑠60° = sec60° = 2
2 2
3

√3
𝑡𝑎𝑛60° = √3 cot60° = 60°
3
1
 EXAMPLES
1. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of θ for the right
triangle with the given sides.

a)

b) 8
3

4

5
 EXAMPLES
2. Given that 𝜃 is an acute angle and cos 𝜃 = 7/25, find
a) tan 𝜃 b) sin 𝜃 c) sec 𝜃
3. Find the other five trigonometric functions of the acute angle A,
given that:
𝑚2 −𝑛2
a) sec 𝐴 = 2 b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 =
𝑚2 +𝑛2
4. Find the exact value of each expression.
a) csc 45 ° − 𝑠𝑒𝑐45°
b) csc 60° sec 30° + cot 45°
c) cot245 ° + tan260 ° – sin245 °
 EXAMPLES
4. Find the exact value of each expression.
d) csc(𝜋/6)– sec(𝜋/3)
e) cos(𝜋/4) tan(𝜋/6) + 2 tan(𝜋/3)
5. Express each of the following in terms of its cofunction.
a) cos 52°
b) sin(30° + 𝐴)
c) tan 48°47’46”
6. Determine the value of 𝛽 that will satisfy the following.
a) sin(4𝛽 + 10°) = cos 6𝛽
1
b) sec(3𝛽 + 10°) =
sin(5𝛽+9°)
COURSE OUTCOME 2
Definition of Trigonometry and Triangles
Angle Measure
Unit of Measurement (Angles in Degrees and Radians)
Angles in Standard Position and their Coterminals
Length of Circular Arc
Linear and Angular speed
Trigonometry of Right Triangles
Definition of Six Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles
Solution to Right Triangles
DEFINITION
SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLE

To solve a right triangle means to find the measure of the three sides
and three angles (𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 90). The unknown
parts of the triangle can be solved by using any of the following:
• the definition of the trigonometric functions
• the Pythagorean Theorem
• the relations of complimentary angles
 EXAMPLES
1. Solve each triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, in which 𝐶 = 90°
a) 𝐴 = 32° 𝑐 = 12 𝑓𝑡
b) 𝑎 = 42 𝑐𝑚 𝑏 = 54 𝑐𝑚
2. Consider the diagram below, determine the length 𝐹𝐺.
𝐺

40 𝑐𝑚 15°
20°
𝐸 𝐷
100 𝑐𝑚
 EXAMPLES
3. A flagpole broken over by the strong wind forms a right triangle with
the ground. If the angle which the broken part makes with the
ground is 40°, and the distance from the tip of the flagpole is
45 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡. How tall was the pole?
4. At 3: 00 𝑃. 𝑀., a boat is 12.5 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 due west of radar station and
traveling at 11 𝑚𝑝ℎ in a direction that is 57.3° south of an east-
west line. At what time will the boat be closest to the radar station?