DSP C5000

Chapter 20
Polyphase FIR Filter
Implementation
for Communication Systems

Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Multirate Processing 1 of 2
 Multirate processing arises in many fields
of digital signal processing:
 Digital audio: sampling frequency conversion
(32 kHz, 44.1kHz, 48kHz), sharp cut-off of FIR
filter, …
 Signal processing for digital communications:
symbol rate processing, bit rate processing,
sample rate processing, …
 Speech processing: 3G speech codec (Adaptive
Multi Rate), fractionnal pitch estimation, ...
 …

ESIEE, Slide 2 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Multirate Processing 2 of 2
 Involves two actions on the digital signal:
 Downsampling: resampling downwards the
digital signal in the digital domain.

Fe Fe/M Retain one sample over M and discard

M
the M-1 others, every M samples.

 Upsampling: resampling upwards the digital

signal in the digital domain.

Fe LFe Insert L-1 zeros between each sample

L

ESIEE, Slide 3 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Downsampling 1 of 2
 x( n) if n  mM ,
x(n) M y(m) y( m )  
0 else.

 M 1 k
1
y( m )  x( mM )   x ( n) ( n  mM ) 
1 j 2
 x(n)e
n
x ( n)  M

m   M M k 1

Folding term
ESIEE, Slide 4 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.
 Downsampling 2 of 2
 Anti-aliasing Filter
fc : (Fe/M)/2
x(n) H(z) M y(m)

Fe Fe/M

 Noble identity for decimation

H(zM) M M H(z)

ESIEE, Slide 5 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Upsampling 1 of 2
 x( m ) if n  mL ,
x(m) L y(n) y ( n)  
0 else.

   
 
Y (z)   y( n) z
n  
n
  x( m ) z
m  
L m
 X zL

ESIEE, Slide 6 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Upsampling 2 of 2
 Interpolating Filter

fC : (Fe/L)/2
x(m) L H(z) y(n)

Fe LFe

 Noble identity for upsampling

L H(zL) H(z) L

ESIEE, Slide 7 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Decimation Case 1 of 4
H(z) M E(zM) M

mM 1
H z    h( n ) z n

n0

Let n=lM+k

 
M 1 N / M 1
H z    z Ek z
k M with E k z    hlM  k z l

k 0 l 0

ESIEE, Slide 8 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Decimation Case 2 of 4
Processing load (MAC/s)
H(z) M
N

E0(zM)
z-1
E1(zM) MTe Time
z-1
• M-1 filter evaluation over M

EM-1(zM) M are discarded.

• N filter length

Fe Fe/M
ESIEE, Slide 9 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.
 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Decimation Case 3 of 4
 Using noble identity

Processing load (MAC/s)

M E0(z)
z-1 N
M E1(z)

z-1
M EM-1(z)
MTe Time

Fe Fe/M
• No more useless computations, but one sampling period over M, CPU is
burdned with N MAC/s.

ESIEE, Slide 10 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Decimation Case 4 of 4
 Equivalent commutator model

Processing load (MAC/s)

E0(z)

E1(z)

N/M

EM-1(z)
MTe Time

Fe Fe/M
• Commutator runs at Fe,. At each input sample only one component is computed and accu-
mulated with the result of the previous one. The result is output when the last component
is reached and accumulator is reset. This spreads the processing load over MTe.
ESIEE, Slide 11 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.
 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 1 of 5
L H(z) L R(zL)

lL1
H z    h( n) z  n
n0

Let n=mL+L-1-k

 
L 1 N / L 1
H z    z  ( L  1 k )
Rk z L with Rk z    hmL  L  1  k z m

k 0 m 0

ESIEE, Slide 12 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 2 of 5
Processing load (MAC/s)
L H(z)
N

L R0(zL)
z-1

R1(zL) Te/L Time

z-1 • L-1 multiplications by 0 over L

For each filter evaluation.
RM-1(zL)
• N filter length.

Fe LFe
ESIEE, Slide 13 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.
 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 3 of 5
 Using noble identity

R0(z) L • At each output sampling instant,

z-1
only one component is non zero

R1(z) L

z-1
RM-1(z) L

Fe LFe

ESIEE, Slide 14 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 4 of 5
 Equivalent commutator model

R0(z) Processing load (MAC/s)

R1(z)

N/L

RM-1(z)
Te/L Time
Fe LFe
• For each output sampling instant one polyphase component is computed.
When we reach again the first component (M-1) a new input sample is inputed
in the delay line of each polyphase component.
ESIEE, Slide 15 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.
 Polyphase Implementation of FIR Filters
Interpolation Case 5 of 5
 Linear Periodically Varying Time system

z-1 z-1

hL-1 h2L-1 h3L-1 z-1 z-1

z-1 z-1

h1 hL+1 h2L+1 h0 hL h2L

h1 hL+1 h2L+1

z-1 z-1 hL-1 h2L-1 h3L-1

h0 hL h2L

ESIEE, Slide 16 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Case Study

 Shaping filters for a QPSK modem :

 Emitter: interpolation case.
 Receiver: decimation case

 Efficient Algorithm Implementation :

 Good ordering of computations,
 Efficient memory organization and management.

ESIEE, Slide 17 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Emitter 1 of 4
s(t)=1/2[cos(2fot).cos(f(Ak,Bk))-sin(2fot).sin(f(Ak,Bk))]

QPSK modulator
Ak Cos() RCF DAC
fk
fk: Phase
bits computation
Bk
Sin() RCF DAC

Fb Fs Fe
Bit Symbol Sample
frequency frequency frequency

ESIEE, Slide 18 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Emitter 2 of 4
 Let Fe=16Fs (16 sample / symbol)
 Define a raised cosine filter with:
 6 symbols length.
 Roll_off : 0.5
 Matlab command
 h=RCOSFIR(0.5,3,16,1);

Equivalent system

16 H(z)

• In red: ideal interpolating filter

• In blue: actual RC filter

ESIEE, Slide 19 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Emitter 3 of 4
 The 16 Polyphase filters are defined by :
Filter length is 97, impulse response is padded with 0 to reach 112=7*16

N / L 1
Rk z    hmL  L  1  k z m With N=112 and L=16

m 0

r0 m   h15, h31, h47 , h63, h79, h95, h111

r1 m   h14, h30, h46, h62, h78, h94, h110
 
r15 m   h0, h16, h32, h48, h64, h80, h96

ESIEE, Slide 20 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Coefficients
Emitter 4 of 4
h(0)
h(16)
h(32)
h(48)
h(64)
h(80) Symbols
h(96) Shuffle coefficients
h(1)
h(17) x(0)
1st sample h(33) x(1) R=flipud(reshape(h,8,12));
2nd sample h(49) x(2)
h(65) x(3) R=round(R*2^15);
h(81) x(4)
h(97) x(5) fid=fopen('coef.inc','wt');
15th sample x(6)
for p=1:8
fprintf(fid,'\t.word\t%d\n,R(p,:))
end
fclose(fid);
h(15)
h(31)
h(47)
h(63)
h(79)
h(95) When coefficient pointer reaches this address a new
h(111)
symbol will be input at the next output sample period
ESIEE, Slide 21 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.
 Emitter (C callable)
.sect "coefs2"
Ncomp .set 16 ;number of polyphase component
coefs2 .include "coefpoly2.inc"
coefsfin:
coefsize .set coefsfin-coefs2
Lfil .set coefsize/Ncomp ;polyphase component length
filbufQ .usect "filtre2",Lfil ;data buffer

.text
_firinit:
ST #coefs2,*(adbufQ) ;pointer to current coefs pointer
STM #filbufQ,AR2 ;zeroed initial buffer condition
RPT #Lfil-1
STL A,*AR2+
RET

ESIEE, Slide 22 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

_firTxQ:… ;context save
LD #var,DP
STM #coefsize,BK
MVDM adbufQ,AR2 ;current coefs pointer
STM #1,AR0
STM #filbufQ,AR3 ;symbol buffer
STL A,*AR3 ;new sample (guess hold during 16 samples)
RPTZ A,#Lfil-1 ;compute one polyphase component
MAC *AR2+0%,*AR3+,A
MVMD AR2,adbufQ ;save new current coefs pointer
SFTA A,-16
SFTA A,-1 ;output of RCF can be greater than 1 !
CMPM @adbufQ,#coefs2 ;test if delay symbols is needed
BC endTxQ,NTC ;jump if not necessary
MAR *+AR3(-2)
RPT #Lfil-2
DELAY *AR3-
endTxQ:
… ;context restore
RET

ESIEE, Slide 23 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Symbol vs Sample Output
Symbol output Sample output

Fe: 16 khz f= Fs/8=125 Hz

Fs: 1 khz
Df : /4 constant for each symbol

ESIEE, Slide 24 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Receiver 1 of 2

Bit Symbol
processing processing

ADC RCF

ADC RCF

Fe Fb Fs

ESIEE, Slide 25 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Receiver 2 of 2
 Receiver structure is quite similar, except
that:
 Each polyphase component has its own delay tap
 Each polyphase output has to be accumulated for M
polyphase computations and accumulator is outputed
every M input sample and reset.

E0(z)

E1(z)

EM-1(z)

ESIEE, Slide 26 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Follow on Activities
 Laboratory 10 for the TMS320C5416 DSK
 Illustrates the effects of decimation and anti-
aliasing filters.
 Laboratory 11 for the TMS320C5416 DSK
 Illustrates the effects of interpolation and anti-
imaging filters.
 Application 9 for the TMS320C5416 DSK
 Uses interpolation and decimation to produce
sharper cut-offs FIRs than would be obtained
otherwise.

ESIEE, Slide 27 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

 Reference
 Digital Signal Processing a Practical
Approach by Emmanuel C. Ifeachor
and Barrie W. Jervis. Chapter 9. Multirate
digital signal processing.

ESIEE, Slide 28 Copyright © 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.