MANUFACTURED

SUBTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
INDUTRICAL PRODUCTS ARE VERY IMPORTANT
NOWADAYS. THERE ARE MANUFACTURED
PURPOSELY FOR OUR COMFORT

THESE PRODUCTS ARE

SULPHURIC ACID SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

AMMONIA ALLOYS GLASS

CERAMICS COMPOSITE MATERIALS

9.1 UNDERSTANDING THE MANUFACTURE OF
SULPHURIC ACID
-Sulphuric acid, does not occur naturally.
-It has to be manufactured.
-Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry through contact process.
-The raw materials used are sulphur, air and water.
9.2 SYNTHESISING THE MANUFACTURE OF
AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS
Ammonia is manufactured in industry through Haber process.
This process combines nitrogen gas from the air with hydrogen gas derived mainly from natural gas to
form Ammonia, NH3.

Preparation of ammonium fertilizer - Ammonium fertilizers contain ammonium ions. In

the soil, the ammonium ions are oxidised to nitrate ions. - Example of ammonium
fertilisers: a) Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
b) Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
c) Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4
9.3 UNDERSTANDING ALLOYS
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals mixed in a certain percentage.
Most pure metals are weak and soft. The properties of pure metals can be
improved by making them into alloys.
Alloys are made to
A) increase the hardness of metals.
Example:
Magnalium is made from aluminium and magnesium improve the hardness
of the pure metals but at the same time, maintaining their lightness.
B) prevent the corrosion of metals.
Stainless steel which can resist rusting is made by adding carbon, chromium
and nickel to iron.
C) improve the beauty and lustre of metals.
Copper and antimony added to tin produces pewter, used to make
decorative items.

Pure metal –
Atoms can slide
over each other
easily

Alloy – The presence of

foreign atoms prevent
the atoms of metal slide
over each other
 9.4 EVALUATING USES OF SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS
Polymer is made from large molecules make up of many identical
repeating sub-units called monomers which are joined together by
covalent bonds. Polymerization : a process to join the monomer into
chains by repeated linking.
2 types of polymer :
a) naturally occurring polymers Examples : starch, cellulose, wool,
protein, silk, natural rubber
b) Synthetic polymers : man-made polymer. Examples : polythene,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropene, perspex, nylon and terylene

 Importance of Polymers are :

SYNTHETIC POLYMER USES
POLYTHENE PLASTIC BAGS, SHOPPING BAGS, PLASTIC
CONTAINER,
POLYPROPENE PIPING, BOTTLES CRATES, CARPETS,ROPES

PVC WATER PIPES,ARTIFICIAL LEATHER

PERSPEX SAFETY GLASS,TRAFFIC SIGNS

TERYLENE CLOTHINGS, SAILS, ROPES
NYLON CARPETS, CLOTHINGS, CARPETS
9.5 APPLYING USES OF GLASS AND
CERAMICS
Fused glass : Highly resistant glass. It can be heated to an
extremely high temperature and then can be plunged into icy, cold
water without cracking.
It used for 1.Laboratory glassware
2. Lenses
3. Telescope mirrors
4. Optical fibers
The most common glass : Soda lime glass
Made by heating sand with limestone/ sodium carbonate
Easy to be shaped and has a good chemical durability.
Used to make : flat glass
electrical bulbs
mirrors
glass containers.
Ceramic are made from clay
When the clay is heated to a very high temperature, they undergo a
series of chemical reactions and are hardened permanently to form
ceramic.Ex : clay pots, bricks, tiles and mugs.
Ceramics are very hard, brittle, chemically inert, do not corrode,
high melting point and are good insulators of electricity and heat.
COMPARING & SIMILARITIES OF
GLASS AND CERAMICS
Similarities :Hard, Brittle, strong under compression,
do not corrode, good electrical insulator, good
heat insulator,resistant to chemical attacks

DIFERENCE
GLASS CRITERIA CERAMIC

HIGHLY TRANSPARENT OPTICAL OPAQUE

TRANSPARENCY

CAN MELTED, REMOULED MOULDING CAN’T MELTED,

REMOULED

LOW MELTING POINT VERY HIGH

9.6 EVALUATING USES OF
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Structural material that is formed by combining two or more
different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramic and
polymers. These materials are created for specific application.
The material formed has properties that are better than the original
components. Types of composite materials
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete: Consists a mixture of stones, chips and sand bound
together by cement. It is strong but brittle and weak in tension. Steel
: Strong in tension. Concrete reinforced with steel wires, steel bars
or any polymers fibres, the resulting combination is a very tough
material with more tensile strength. The composites are good for
the construction of large structures like high-rise building, bridges
and oil platforms. It is also cheap and can be moulded into any
shape.
Superconductors
Capable of conducting electricity without any electrical resistance
when they are cooled to extremely low temperature. They are used
in the bullet trains in Japan, magnetic energy-storage systems,
generators, transformers and computer parts.
Fibre optic
Fibre optic cable consists of a bundle of glass or plastic threads that
are surrounded by a glass cladding. They are used to replace copper
wire in long distance telephone lines, in mobile phone, video camera
and to link computer within local area network. Fibre optic is good to
use because they have law material costs, high transmission capacity,
chemical stability and less susceptible to interference.

Fibre Glass
Formed when glass fibres are used to reinforce plastic. Properties :
High tensile strength, can be easily coloured, low in density easily
moulded and shaped and can be made into thin layers. Used to make
household products like water storage tanks, badminton rackets,
small boats, skis and helmets.

Photochromic Glass
Produced by embedding photochromic substances like silver
chloride, AgCl crystals in glass or transparent polymers. Used for
making optical lenses, car windshields, smart energy efficient
windows in buildings, information display panels, lense in cameras,
optical switches and light intensity meters