OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION (STAGE III)

PRESENTED BY:
- NADIA
- AMIRAH
- NURIN
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

ELECTRON TRANSPORT
TO OXYGEN SYNTHESIS OF ATP

The production of ATP using energy derived from

redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the
third major stage of cellular respiration
 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
INVOLVE

ELECTRON ATP SYNTHESIS

CHEMIOSMOSIS
TRANSPORT CHAIN

• The electron transport chain passes electrons through a series of protein complexes,
moving towards increasing electron potential

• Generates the vast majority of ATP in aerobic respirations

• Found on the inner mitochondrial membrane

• The NADH and FADH2 molecules formed during the first three stages of aerobic
respiration carry electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane.They transfer the
electrons to a series of membrane associated proteins collectively called electron
transport chain.
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN (ETC)
ELECTRON FROM NADH

1. The 1st protein to receive electrons from NADH is Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase
complex)
2. NADH oxidized to NAD+. Complex I reduced.
3. Complex I that accept electrons from NADH passes the electrons to the mobile
carrier, ubiquinone (Q) . Q is reduced. Complex I is oxidized.
4. Oxidation of Complex I release energy and this energy is used to pump H+ from
mitochondria matrix intermembrane space.
5. Q then passes the electrons to Complex III (protein-cytochrome
complex) or (bc¹ complex).
6. From Complex III, the electrons are picked up by another mobile
carrier, Cytochrome c (Cyt C).Complex III oxidized.
7. Oxidation of Complex III is releasing energy and coupled with
pumping of H+ from matrix into intermembrane space.
8. Cyt c carry the “e” Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase complex).
8. Cyt c carry the “e” to Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase
complex).
9. Then, the “e” unites with H+ and O2 (the final electron
acceptor) in the matrix to form H2O. Complex IV oxidized.
10. Oxidization of Complex IV is coupled with pumping of H+
from matrix into intermembrane space.
ELECTRON FROM FADH2
1. The 1st protein to receive electrons from FADH2 is Complex II
(Succinate- Q reductase)
2. FADH2 oxidized to become FAD.

3. Mobile carrier ubiquinone (Q) accepts the “e” from Complex II and Q
is reduced. Complex II is oxidized.
4. Oxidation of Complex II do not pump H+ because contain less
energy for pump H+ from matrix to intermembrane space.
5. Q then passes the electrons to a Complex III (protein-cytochrome
complex) or (bc¹ complex).

6. From Complex III, the electrons are picked up by another mobile

carrier, cytochrome c (cyt C). Complex III oxidized.

7. Oxidation of Complex III is releasing energy and coupled with

pumping of H+ from matrix into intermembrane.
8. Cyt c carry the “e” to Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase
complex).
9. Then, the “e” unites with H+ and O2 (the final electron
acceptor) in the matrix to form H20. Complex IV oxidized.
10. Oxidation of Complex IV is coupled with pumping of H+ from
matrix into intermembrane space.
Complex 1 (NADH Complex III
dehydrogenase)
(Cytochrome bf
-FMN (flavoprotein);
(flavin
complex)
manucleotide) - Cyt B
- Iron-sulfur protein - Iron-sulfur
- Cyt c

Ubiquinone(Q)
Mobile carrier Cyt C
-lipid
Complex II
(succinate
dehydrogenase)
Complex IV (Cytochrome
- Iron-sulfur
oxidase)
-Cyt a
_ Cyt a3
CHEMIOSMOSIS
 CHEMIOSMOSIS
(The Energy-Coupling Mechanism)

 Electron transfer in the ETC cause the protein

to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to
the intermembrane space. Creates proton
concentration gradient.

 H+ then diffuse back across the membrane,

from intermembrane space into the matrix
passing though the proton channel (ATP
synthase) down the concentration gradient.

 ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow (release

energy) of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP
(synthesis ATP)
PRODUCING ATP : CHEMIOSMOSIS

• As H+ been pumped out from matrix to intermembrane space, the [H+]

increase. Creating proton concentration gradient. (high [H+])
• H+ is diffuse back into matrix by diffusion through proton channel (ATP
synthase) down the concentration gradient ( high [H+] low [H+] )
• The flow of H+ down the concentration gradient, will release energy
(proton motive force) which is used to combine :
ADP +Pi ATP
• The chemical formation of ATP is similar to the diffusion force in
osmosis, that is why the process is called chemiosmosis
a rotor within the
membrane spins
clockwise when H+
flows past it down
the H+ gradient.

a stator anchored in  ATP synthase (complex protein) makes

the membrane
holds the knob
stationary ADP + Pi ATP

a rod (for stalk)  happens in cristae

extending into the
knob also spins,
activating catalytic
 used energy from the flow of [H+] to
sites in the knob power the ATP synthase.

three catalytic sites  proton gradient develops between the

in the stationary intermembrane space and the matrix
knob join inorganic
pto ADP to make
ATP
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

occurs across inner

final electron
H2O is produced mitochondrial
acceptor is oxygen
membrane

NADH = 2.5 ATP's (8 NADH = 20 ATP)

FADH2 = 1.5 ATP's (2 FADH2 = 3 ATP)

2 NADH from glycolysis if NADH = 5 ATP IN

MITOCHONDRIAL
CYTOSOL or
if FADH2 = 3 ATP

28 ATP or 26 ATP
NADH from Glycolysis in cytosol (2 NADH)
• Some of NADH produced comes from Kreb Cycle in the mitochondrial
matrix –direct accessible to electron transport chain
• Inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH from cytosol

Electron from NADH is

transfer to ETC

Malate Glycerol
- Electron from NADH - Electron from NADH
(cytosol) transfer to NAD+ (cytosol) transfer to FAD
in matrix of mitochondrial in matrix of mitochondrial
REFERENCES

• Taylor , M. R., Pollock, M., Campbell, N. A., & Urry, L. A. (2017). Study
guide for Campbell biology, eleventh edition Lisa A. Urry, Micheal L.
Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece. NY, NY:
Pearson.
• Notes from Miss Zaidatul Shakila Mohamad Ashari

• http://youtu.be/4Eo7JtRA7Ig
QnA Session