HYPERTENSION

(HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)

Presented by:
-Ahmad Ayub Yousaf
-Abdul Ahad Omer
-Abdullah Ashraf
-Ali Arshad
-Daniyal Choudhry Class OIB-BIO
 Contents
Hypertension:
▪ Introduction
▪ Types
▪ Risk Factors
▪ Symptoms
▪ Diagnosis & Detection
▪ Monitoring
▪ Related Medical Complications
▪ Management
 Introduction
▪ Elevation of blood pressure is called "hypertension".
▪ Blood pressure-pressure of blood within arteries
Produced primarily by contraction of heart muscle
▪ Measurement
Recorded by 2 numbers
1- Systolic pressure-measured after the heart contracts, is highest.
2- Diastolic pressure-measured before the heart contracts, is lowest
Apparatus: blood pressure cuff
 Types
▪ There are two types
1. Essential/Primary Hypertension
2. Secondary Hypertension
 Risk Factors

 Smoking
 Being overweight or obese
 Lack of physical activity
 Too much salt in the diet
 Too much alcohol consumption
 Stress
.
Risk Factors (….contd.)
 Older age
 Genetics
 Family history of high blood pressure
 Chronic kidney disease
 Adrenal and thyroid disorders
 Sleep apnea
 Symptoms
Consistently Elevated Blood Pressure Readings
Mostly asymptomatic. High values can result in:
▪ Severe Headache
▪ Fatigue/Confusion
▪ Vision Problems
▪ Chest Pain
▪ Difficulty in Breathing
▪ Irregular Heartbeat
▪ Blood in the Urine
▪ Pounding in your Chest, Neck, or Ears
 Diagnosis & Detection
▪ Mostly asymptomatic-important to have regular BP checkups
 Apparatus-sphygmomanometer

 Not diagnosed on one high blood pressure reading. Factors such as pain,
stress or anxiety can cause a temporary increase in BP

▪ Diagnosis-made based on two or more readings after the first visit

Diagnosis & Detection (..contd.)
▪ Systolic hypertension of the elderly is common and diagnosed when the diastolic
pressure is normal or low, but the systolic is elevated, e.g.170/70 mm Hg

▪ Blood pressure measurements are classified in stages, according to severity:

Normal blood pressure: <120/80 mm Hg
Pre-hypertension: 120-129/80-89 mm Hg
Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159/90-99 mm Hg
Stage 2 hypertension: >160-179/100-109 mm Hg
▪ Normally diagnosed with 2 or more readings at >120/80
 Monitoring
▪ Monitoring of hypertension is done using 2
methods:

1. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

2. Home Blood Pressure Monitoring

 Related Medical Complications
Eyes -Vision Loss

Brain -Transient Ischemic Attack

-Stroke
-Dementia
-Mild cognitive impairment

Kidney -Failure
-Scarring
 Related Cardiovascular Issues
▪ Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
▪ Myocardial Infarction
▪ Aneurysm
▪ Coronary artery disease
▪ Heart failure
 Management
▪ Lifestyle changes may reduce BP by about 5 to 10 mm Hg. Include:
- Reducing Salt Intake
- Reducing Fat Intake
- Losing Weight
- Getting Regular Exercise
- Quitting Smoking
- Reducing Alcohol Consumption
- Managing Stress
 Treatment

▪ No cure for primary hypertension, but blood pressure

can be lowered with the correct treatment

▪ In secondary hypertension, the disease that is

responsible for the hypertension is treated in addition to
the hypertension itself
 Medications
▪ Beta Blockers
▪ Calcium Channel Blockers
▪ Diuretics
▪ Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
▪ Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
▪ Vasodilators
▪ Lipid Lowering Drugs