RESEARCH

CONCEPTUALIZATION
 OBJECTIVES

 critique the research concept

presented;
 refine the paper’s content as
a whole;
 OBJECTIVES

suggest meaningful ideas to

improve one’s research study;
and
share valuable insights on
research writing that are of
great help to the participants.
 Research is…

... a careful study that is done to find and

report new knowledge about a problem or
issue.

...the systematic process of collecting and

analyzing information (data) in order to
increase our understanding of the
phenomenon about which we are
concerned or interested.
 How to
conceptualize your
research?
 In conceptualizing
your research, answer the
following:

1. What possible research topic/ problem

would you like to study about?
2. Where did the idea of the research come
from?
3. What is the purpose of this research?
4. Write at least 3 research questions. (Why
are you asking, What do you hope to
find?)
5. What data collection instrument could
you use to gather data?
6. Who are likely your participants?
 PARTS OF A
RESEARCH PAPER
 TITLE PAGE

The following information needs to be on the

title page:
• The title (and possibly the subtitle) of your
research paper
• First name and surname of the author(s)
• Date of completion
 Research Title

The following must be considered in making

your research title:
• The title must be clear and precise.
• It has an objective and purpose.
• It should be written in 10-12 words
• By just reading the title, you can determine
what the investigative study is about.
 Research Title SAMPLES
1. Immerse to Converse
2. Theories to Practice: The Teaching of English
as a Second Language
3. Students’ Attitude towards Learning the
English Language
4. English Drive: A Bane or A Boon to Language
Proficiency
5. The Effectiveness of MI Model in Teaching
Literature
 Suggested; topics in English
1. Blended Learning
2. Outcomes- based Education
3. Mobile- Assisted Language Learning
4. Computer- Assisted Language Learning
5. Edutainment in Teaching English
6. Sensation Fiction : A Take in Violence and Sex
7. Effects of Contextualization in Students’
Reading Comprehension
 Abstract

• An abstract presents a brief summary of your

research in 1 or 2 paragraphs with 200-300
words only.
• The aim of the abstract is to briefly provide
the reader with the most important
information from the entire text.
• Includes your research problem, the method
and procedure you used, the findings and
conclusion of the study.
 Rationale

Rationale/ Introduction – 2-3 pages

It is the foundation of your research. It is a
chronological story of your research that states
the gaps, the known and unknown. It starts with
a strong statement.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTC-
5P1VFFU
The following must be written in this part:
1. Global and local issues or scenarios to
which your study is anchored.
2. Literature- write 1 or 2 related literature
supporting the issue
3. State the GAP – refers to the problem, issue
or phenomenon, it could be based on facts,
observations or an experience
4. Intention of your paper – It is in this premise
that this study investigates_______.
5. Predict an output.
Introduction Writing Tips
1. Use active voice of the verbs.
2. Write concise sentences. Avoid adjectives
and flowery words.
3. Broad to specific
4. Use strong verbs
5. No personal pronouns such as I /We/ You
 Theoretical Background of the
Study

This part tackles or explains the main theory to

which your study is anchored.
Theories in ELT include:
1. Communicative Language Teaching by Dell
Hymes
2. Monitor Theory by Stephen Krashen
3. Interlanguage Theory Larry Sekinker
4. Universal Grammar by Noam Chomsky
 Statement of the Problem

• composed of 2 categories: general problem

and specific problems.
• should be SMART : specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic, and time bounded. It
should be objectively stated.
• It can be a question or in a declarative
statement.
(Use the present tense of the verb)
 Formulation of the Hypothesis

• Has two types namely: null hypothesis and

affirmative hypothesis
• A hypothesis is a scientific guess which intends
subject for thorough investigation.
• It is recommended to use null hypothesis in
your research project.
 Research Method

Research methods are the strategies,

processes or techniques utilized in the
collection of data or evidence for analysis in
order to uncover new information or create
better understanding of a topic.
Qualitative Research gathers data about lived
experiences, emotions or behaviours, and the
meanings individuals attach to them. It assists in
enabling researchers to gain a better understanding
of complex concepts, social interactions or cultural
phenomena. This type of research is useful in the
exploration of how or why things have occurred,
interpreting events and describing actions.
Qualitative Techniques or Tools
Quantitative Techniques or Tools
Interviews: these can be structured, semi-structured or unstructured in-depth Surveys or questionnaires: which ask the same questions to large numbers of
sessions with the researcher and a participant. participants or use Likert scales which measure opinions as numerical data.

Focus groups: with several participants discussing a particular topic or a set of Observation: which can either involve counting the number of times a specific
questions. Researchers can be facilitators or observers. phenomenon occurs, or the coding of observational data in order to translate it into
numbers.

Observations: On-site, in-context or role-play options. Document screening: sourcing numerical data from financial reports or counting
word occurrences.

Document analysis: Interrogation of correspondence (letters, diaries, emails etc) or Experiments: testing hypotheses in laboratories, testing cause and effect
reports. relationships, through field experiments, or via quasi- or natural experiments.

Oral history or life stories: Remembrances or memories of experiences told to the

researcher.
Quantitative Research gathers
numerical data which can be ranked,
measured or categorised through
statistical analysis. It assists with
uncovering patterns or relationships,
and for making generalisations. This
type of research is useful for finding
out how many, how much, how often,
or to what extent.
Mixed Methods Research integrates
both Qualitative and Quantitative
Research. It provides a holistic
approach combining and analysing the
statistical data with deeper
contextualised insights. Using Mixed
Methods also
enables Triangulation, or verification,
of the data from two or more sources.
Finding Mixed Methods research in
the Databases
PubMed - there are no suitable MeSH terms for
mixed methods research in Medline. Search your
topic with the following suggested
free text keywords using the quotation marks and
truncation symbol*:“mixed model*” OR “mixed
design*” OR “multiple method*” OR multimethod*
OR triangulat*
CINAHL - the following Subject Headings may be
of use: Multimethod Studies or Triangulation. You
can also include in your search the following free
text keywords: mixed model*, mixed design*,
multiple method*, multimethod*, or triangulat*.
 Significance of the Study

• It indicates how important your research /

investigatory project is for the people,
environment and community as a whole.
• Most importantly, state the significance of
your study in English Language Teaching.
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

• It covers the range of your research.

• It includes the period of research, the
materials and tools to be used, the subject of
the study or the sample of the study, and the
procedure and statistical treatment to be
used.
 Definition of Terms

Use Operational definitions. These are derived

from how the terms were used in your research
Define the content or significant words used in
your title.
 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and
Studies

Related Literature
• The statements are taken from science
books, journals, journals, magazines,
newspapers, and any documents from
authorized scientists, Science experts or
well-known Science agencies.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70n
2-gAp7J0
Related Studies
• They are researches which may be local
or foreign studies which can attribute to
your study.
Note: APA citation must be used.
APA-Style-FULL_02.2012.pdf
 Tips in writing the RRLS

1. Must be organized to cover specific problems.

Separate related literature and related
studies.
Arrange according to:
 Chronological order
 Perspective
 Method
 Topic/theme
2. Must take all the evidences about the
problem.
3. As much as possible, get the latest published
materials. Five years back only.
4. It must be related to your topic.
5. On the last part, you must have a statement
how these literatures and studies help the
researcher in their current study and relate it
to your study.
 Chapter III
Research Methodology

RESEARCH DESIGN
It is a systematic approach that a
researcher uses to conduct a scientific
study.

2 General Types
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research Design
It is used to examine the relationship
between variables by using numbers and
statistics to explain and analyze its findings.
4 Types of Quantitative Research Design
1. Descriptive Design –intended to
describe the present status of a certain
phenomenon.
2. Correlational Design – seeks to discover
if two variables re associated in some
way.
3. Experimental Design – used to establish cause
and effect relationship between two or
among group of variables.
4. Quasi-experimental design – Same with true
experimental research but does not use
randomized sample groups.
Qualitative Research Design
It is used to explore the meaning and
understanding of complex social
environments, like the nature of people’s
experience, using case studies,
perceptions, lived experiences, etc.
Research Respondents
People involved in the implementation of
the study.
Research Environment
The place where the study is implemented.
Research Instrument
Refers to the tools used by the researcher
such as the standardized or researcher-
made test questionnaire, interview, survey
questionnaire, etc.
Statistical Treatment
• It comes in various ways. It can be mean,
median mode, percentage, Chi-square,
standard deviation, T-test, Pearson r,
Spearman Anova.
• Work closely with your statistician.
Data gathering procedure
• Describes the process or procedure in
the conduction or implementation of the
research and gathering of data.
 Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

• Data may be presented in two forms: graph or

table.
• The numerical data should be interpreted
clearly in simple and descriptive statements.
• Data may be analyzed quantitatively or
qualitatively depending on the level of
measurement and the number of dimensions
and variables of the study.
• Analyze in depth to give meaning to the
data presented in the data presented in
the table. Avoid table reading.
• State statistical descriptions in
declarative sentences.
 Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

• Establish interconnection between and among

data
• Check for indicators whether hypothesis/es
is/are supported or not by findings.
• Link the present findings with the previous
literature.
• Use parallel observations with contemporary
events to give credence presented in the
introduction.
Results
• It shows the findings and or outcomes of
your investigation. The result must be
based according to the interpreted data.
 Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendation

Summary
• It briefly summarizes your research from
Chapters I-IV. It consists of one or two
paragraphs.
• It includes the research problems,
methodology and findings.
Conclusion
• It is the direct statement based on
findings or results.
Recommendation
• They should be based on the findings
and conclusion of the study.
• Recommendations may be specific or
general or both. They may include
suggestions for further studies.
• They should help the fellow Science
students, researchers, consumers or the
entire community where people live in.
• They should be feasible, workable,
flexible, doable, adaptable.