Chapter 1-Introduction To Routing and Packet Forwarding: CCNA Exploration 4.0

Chapter 1-Introduction to Routing and Packet
Forwarding
CCNA Exploration 4.0
1
Objectives
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Routers are Computers
• Routers have many of the same hardware and software components

that are found in other computers including:
– CPU
– RAM
– ROM
– Operating System

Routers are at the Network Center

Routers Determine the Best Path
• The primary responsibility of a router is to direct packets destined for
local and remote networks by:
– Determining the best path to send packets.
– Forwarding packets toward their destination.

Routers Determine the Best Path

Routers are Computers
Routers determine the best path

Evolution of Routers
• Multiprotocol devices providing pure data delivery with

minimal access control and QoS.
• Intelligent Network Services, this allowed us to provide
security capabilities like integrated firewall and encryption.
• Integrated voice and data capabilities, allowing routers to
provide voice gateway features for IP telephony.
• Today the router is an integrated platform for providing
advanced services in security, content delivery, and voice.

Cisco Router Series

Router Components
• Router components and their functions”
 CPU - Executes operating system instructions
 Random access memory (RAM) - Contains the running copy
of configuration file. Stores routing table. RAM contents lost
when power is off
 Read-only memory (ROM) - Holds diagnostic software used
when router is powered up. Stores the router’s bootstrap
program.
 Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) - Stores startup configuration.
This may include IP addresses (Routing protocol, Hostname
of router)
 Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS)
 Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are
used to connect network. Examples of interface types:
• Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces
• Serial interfaces
• Management interfaces

Cisco IOS Software Architecture for 1800 Series
• Identified IOS Software includes: Feature and Version

Router Boot-up Process



Verify the router boot-up process
• The show version command is used to view

information about the router during the bootup
process. Information includes:
 Platform model number
 Image name & IOS version
 Bootstrap version stored in ROM
 Image file name & where it was loaded from
 Number & type of interfaces
 Amount of NVRAM
 Amount of flash
 Configuration register

Verify the router boot-up process
• The show version command can be used to help verify and

troubleshoot some of the basic hardware and software components of
the router.

Router Interfaces
• Router Interface is a physical connector that enables a
router to send or receive packets
• Each interface connects to a separate network
• Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a router
• Types of router interfaces:
Fixed: Fastethernet
Modular:
• Serial
• DSL
• ISDN
• Fastethernet

Router Interfaces
• Two major groups of Router Interfaces

– LAN Interfaces:
 Are used to connect router to
LAN network
 Has a layer 2 MAC address
 Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP
address
 Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack
• WAN Interfaces
 Are used to connect routers to external networks that
interconnect LANs.
 Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2
address may be used.
 Uses a layer 3 IP address

Router Interfaces

Routers and the Network Layer
• The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and

forward packets destined either for its own networks or other networks.
• A router is considered a Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding
decision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IP packet,
specifically the destination IP address. This process is known as
routing.

Routers and the Network Layer

Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes
• At a minimum, the documentation should include a topology diagram

that indicates the physical connectivity and an addressing table that
lists all of the following information:
– Device names.
– Interfaces used in the design.
– IP addresses and subnet masks.
– Default gateway addresses for end devices, such as PCs.

Basic Router Configuration


• Verifying Basic Router Configuration
– Issue the show running-config command
– Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the copy
running-config startup-config command
– Additional commands that will enable you to further verify
router configuration are:
 Show running-config - Displays configuration currently in
RAM
 Show startup-config - Displays configuration file NVRAM
 Show IP route - Displays routing table
 Show interfaces - Displays all interface configurations
 Show IP int brief - Displays abbreviated interface
configuration information

Introducing the Routing Table
• Routing Table is stored in ram and contains information about:

 Directly connected networks - this occurs when a device is
connected to another router interface
 Remotely connected networks - this is a network that is not
directly connected to a particular router
 Detailed information about the networks include source of
information, Network address & subnet mask, and Ip address
of next-hop router
• Show ip route command is used to view a routing table

Introducing the Routing Table
• The following analogies may help clarify the concept of
connected, static, and dynamic routes:
– Directly Connected Routes.
– Static Routes.
– Dynamic Routes.

Adding a Connected Network to the Routing Table
• Once the interface is "up“ and “have an ip address”, the network

of that interface is added to the routing table as a directly
connected network.

Static Routing
• Static routes in the routing table
– Includes: network address and subnet mask and IP address of next
hop router or exit interface.
– Denoted with the code S in the routing table.
– Routing tables must contain directly connected networks used to
connect remote networks before static or dynamic routing can be
used.
• When to use static routes
– When network only consists of a few routers.
– Network is connected to internet only through one ISP.
– Hub & spoke topology is used on a large network.

Static Routing

Dynamic Routing
• Dynamic routing protocols are used by routers to share information

about the reachability and status of remote networks. Dynamic routing
protocols perform several activities, including:
– Network discovery.
– Updating and maintaining routing tables.

Dynamic Routing
• Dynamic routing features:

– Automatic Network Discovery.
– Maintaining Routing Tables.
• IP Routing Protocols
– RIP (Routing Information Protocol) .
– IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).
– EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).
– OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).
– IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System).
– BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).

Routing Table Principles
• Routing Table Principles
– 3 principles regarding routing tables:
 Every router makes its decisions alone, based on the
information it has in its routing table.
 One router’s information in the routing table may not be the
same as another router’s routing table.
 Routing information about a path to a network does not provide
information on how to return to the original network.





Packet Fields and Frame Fields
• Internet Protocol (IP) packet format contains fields that provide
information about the packet and the sending and receiving hosts
• Fields that are importance for CCNA students:
– Destination IP address.
– Source IP address.
– Version & TTL.
– IP header length.
– Precedence & type of service.
– Packet length.

Packet Fields and Frame Fields
• MAC Layer Frame Format

• MAC Frames are also divided into fields. They include:
– Preamble
– Start of frame delimiter
– Destination MAC address
– Source MAC address
– Type/length
– Data and pad
– Frame check sequence

Best Path and Metric
• A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols to assess a

given route
• Metrics may be based on a single path variable or multiple variables of
a path
• 2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are:
– Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must travel
through to get to its destination.
– Bandwidth - this is the “speed” of a link also known as the data
capacity of a link.

Router Paths and Packet Switching
• Equal cost metric is a condition where a router has multiple paths
to the same destination that all have the same metric
• To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load
Balancing. This means the router sends packets over the
multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table.
• Equal Cost Paths and Unequal Cost Paths: a router can send
packets over multiple networks even when the metric is not the
same if it is using a routing protocol that has this capability.

Path Determination
• Path determination enables a router to evaluate paths to a destination
& to establish the preferred way to handle the packet.
• One of 3 things happens when a router searches a routing table to find
a route to destination
– Next hop determined.
– Exit interface determined.
– No route determined.

Switching Function
• Switching Function of Router is the process used by a router to switch
a packet from an incoming interface to an outgoing interface on the
same router.
– A packet received by a router will do the following:
 Strips off layer 2 headers.
 Examines destination IP address located in Layer 3 header to
find best route to destination.
 Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame.
 Forwards frame out exit interface.

Switching Function(refer to 1.4.5)
• Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2

Switching Function

Switching Function

Switching Function
• Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame

Switching Function

Switching Function

Switching Function

Switching Function

Switching Function

Switching Function
• Step 3: Packet arrives at router R2

Switching Function

Switching Function

Switching Function
• Step 4: The packet arrives at R3

Switching Function

Switching Function

Switching Function


Chapter 1-Introduction To Routing and Packet Forwarding: CCNA Exploration 4.0

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Chapter 1-Introduction to Routing and Packet

CCNA Exploration 4.0

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• Routers have many of the same hardware and software components

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• Multiprotocol devices providing pure data delivery with

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• Identified IOS Software includes: Feature and Version

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• The show version command is used to view

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• The show version command can be used to help verify and

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• Two major groups of Router Interfaces

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• The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and

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• At a minimum, the documentation should include a topology diagram

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• Routing Table is stored in ram and contains information about:

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• Once the interface is "up“ and “have an ip address”, the network

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• Dynamic routing protocols are used by routers to share information

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• Dynamic routing features:

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• MAC Layer Frame Format

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• A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols to assess a

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• Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2

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• Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2

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• Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2