SIDANG AKADEMIK 2019/2020

HSE353E
HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY
TAHUN 2
SIDANG AKADEMIK 2019/2020

AHLI KUMPULAN:
1. NURUL AMIERA IZZATIE BINTI MOHAMED AZMI (142744)
2. NUREEN SYAUQEEN BT MOHD SHUKRI (140741)
3. NURUL SUHAIDAH BT KHAIROL ADHAR (143296)
4. RAFELLA
 QUESTION:

THE RISE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE AND THE NAPOLEONIC

WARS

1. Explain the circumstances that led to the emergence and rise of Napoleon
Bonaparte
2. List and evaluate the reforms implemented by Napoleon
3. In your opinion,was Napoleon Bonaparte a saviour or a betrayer of the
French Revolution?
THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT LED TO THE EMERGENCE AND
RISE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

 Born in Corsica on 15th August 1769

 son of Carlo Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino
 Siblings – Joseph, Lucien, Louis, Elisa, Pauline, Caroline and
Jerome.
 Then was Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI of
France.
 Attended the military academy at Brienne, france.
 In 1789, Revolution was starting in France.
 In the month of "Thermidor" (July) 1794, the more moderate
factions of revolutionaries brought down and executed
Robespierre.
 Napoleon, whose promotion by Robespierre had established
his reputation as the dictator's protege, was temporarily
thrown in jail for being a Jacobin.
 Napoleon's years as first consul
 Coup to take power and declared First Consul for Life
 Later, became Napoleon I, Emperor of France
THE REFORMS IMPLEMENTED BY NAPOLEON
1. The Government of the Consulate
 Council of State (3 councils)
Proposed the laws.
Served as a Cabinet & the
highest court.
 Tribunate
Debated laws, but did not
vote on them.
 Legislature
Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them.
 Senate
Had the right to review and veto legislation.
2. prefect’ s system

• Efforts to strengthen the country

• Rated based on merit system based on
one's qualifications and talents
• In contrast to the old regime, which carried
out the election based on descendants
 List and evaluate the reforms implemented by Napoleon

 EDUCATION
National Education

Education system needs to be streamlined to make the French

people more modern.
Elementary or primary schools must be held by each
community under the supervision of the general prefect
(principals) or sub-prefects (sub-principals).
Secondary schools or grammar schools should provide a
special training in French, Latin, and early science, and whether
they are public or private schools, they must be under the control
of the national government.
 Lycess or high school should be held in every important city
and teaching in the higher branches of knowledge should be
provided by government-appointed teachers. Although there
were only 30 of them at first, they were the apex of secondary
education, and only the best students could make it in.
 The curriculum focused mainly on mathematics and
science, and included courses on language and literature.
 Specialized schools, such as technical schools, public service
schools, and military schools are under public scrutiny. Although
there were only 30 of them at first, they were the apex of
secondary education, and only the best students could make it
in.
 The curriculum focused mainly on mathematics and
science, and included courses on language and literature.
 The University of France was established to maintain
uniformity throughout the education system. Important officials
will be appointed by the First Consul, and no person shall be
permitted to open a new school or teach in the public unless he
has the approval of the University.
 A teacher-centered center for public schools is set up in
regular schools set up in Paris, France. These schools are directed
to draw on the basics of teaching from the principles of Christian
discipline and loyalty to the country's leaders
 It is also very important to have competent teachers. To this
end, the École Normale Supérieure was created with the sole
purpose of training teachers. The state, and later the Imperial
University, provided a teacher’s salary, in addition to pensions
granted. They also were offered rewards for finding and
promoting students of special talents, so that those students of
exceptional scholastic talent could receive the special training
they need to reach their fullest potential.
 In addition, teachers were required to swear an oath of
loyalty to the state and to Napoleon himself, and promote
patriotism in their students
 By this point in a man’s education, he had to choose
between pursuing a military and a civil career, which would
decide the focus of their curriculum.
 - Military education focused on military drills, sciences
(particularly physics and chemistry), and mathematics.
 - Civil education focused on language, rhetoric, and
philosophy. Either way he chose, he was guaranteed
employment in his choice of career.

 As far as women in education were concerned, limited

progress was made. They were now allowed to attend school
at the elementary level, and their curriculum included learning
how to read and write, Botany, history, and domestic arts
(dancing, singing, sewing, etc.).
 By this point in a man’s education, he had to choose
between pursuing a military and a civil career, which would
decide the focus of their curriculum.
 - Military education focused on military drills, sciences
(particularly physics and chemistry), and mathematics.
 - Civil education focused on language, rhetoric, and
philosophy. Either way he chose, he was guaranteed
employment in his choice of career.

 As far as women in education were concerned, limited

progress was made. They were now allowed to attend school
at the elementary level, and their curriculum included learning
how to read and write, Botany, history, and domestic arts
(dancing, singing, sewing, etc.).
 ECONOMICS
 FINANCE
 He created two new bodies: The Ministry of Finance and The Treasury
 The assignats began to be recalled and franc reintroduced. This was
finished under Napoleon, and the affect was that people now had reliable
money
 The next move was to fix the tax collection system, which he did with
the help of three men: Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin, François Barbé-
Marbois, and Mollieu.
 During revolution, taxes were being collected by ordinary people who
did it as a sort of side job, and who kept little if any records. In this manner
they were able to keep large portions of the money for themselves, and
corrupt moneygrubbers from within then further diminished what did make it
to the government by taking portions for themselves.
 Napoleon dismissed the old system and established a department of
840 professional tax collectors whose sole job was the levying and collection
of taxes, and who received a fix income.
 Instead of increasing the income tax over time, indirect taxes were
raised on a few items over time: wine, playing cards, carriages, salt, and
tobacco.
 The government bought bread and distributed it to the poor
BANK INSTITUTION

 Plans to solve the economic crisis in France were made

before 1800. It can be seen that, in 1796, a group of bankers
made plans to establish a bank, but nothing was done until
Napoleon took over to solve the financial crisis after the 18
Brumaire event. Thus, these financial problems prompted
Napoleon to establish a French Bank Institution.
 The French bank institution is set up with a capital of 30,000
frachs and 30,000 franchises with the sale of shares
 After 1803, the influence of the French Bank expanded
throughout France through its branches.
 PUBLIC WORKS

 Improve the way of communication and business in the country and

enhance the economic well-being of the population.
 By 1811 he had been able to count 229 broad military roads he had
built, which is quite important, 30 blocks from Paris to all corners of France.
Many bridges have been erected.
 Waterways and waterways have been restored
 Important ports for the navy as well as for trade have been enlarged
and fortified especially the ports in Cherbourg and Toulon.
 In addition, efforts to be carried out were also efforts to improve
livelihoods live
 State palaces are being rebuilt and relocated. Monuments erected.
The city of Paris is being relocated.
 The Museum (The Louvre) was completed and filled with artwork
seized by Napoleon Bonaparte as a result of his victories from Italy, Spain,
and the Netherlands. During the reign of the Consul, Paris became an
entertainment city in Europe.
 Its population doubled in its heyday. Thus, with the growth of all these
facilities, the growth of the French economy is increasing.
 c) In your opinion,was Napoleon
Bonaparte a saviour or a betrayer of the
French Revolution?
• Napoleon Bonaparte was a saviour to the
revolution due to the :
1)he stabilized Politics,Economy, Social of France
2) he restored peace and united the French people.
POLITICS : Less government corruption by changing government
functions.

1) he signed a Concordat with the Catholic Pope on 1801

• less powerful catholic church.
• government control of church land.
2) wanted government power to apply to everyone equally
• hereditary government offices to be abolished
• salaries to be given to his bureaucrats who were selected based on
talent not birth.
3) code of new laws was created : civil code which declared that all
men are equal.
ECONOMY : fixed French Economy
1. creating Bank of France : he made Franc the most stable currency in
Europe
2. tax exemptions based on noble birth ceased to exists
3. introduced a fair tax system

SOCIAL : education and religious.

1. religious tolerance
• offer liberty,equality, fraternity to the jews, protestants and other religion as
well.

2. created Lycees (secondary school) and public education

3. convinced men to enter military

• French army was a national army of proud and patriotic citizens who had
very high morale and sense of heroism.
3) he fullfilling the ideals the people of france demanded.
 he gave the French equality by giving Frenchmen the right to be
taxed equally, freedom, justice.
“ i wish to govern men as they want to be governed ”
4) Napoleon is a hero or saviour where everyone saw in him, the man
who would save France and end the revolution.

“ its not as general that im governing France; it is because

the nation believes that i possess the civil qualities of a
ruler ”

 for example : we can see how french reaction when news of

Napoleon's arrival reached Paris where everyone got up
spontaneously and gave long cry of joyful. at Toulon, a
commemoration was held to celebrate the hero of italy, the
brave, the immortal Bonparte.
 and after he being exiled at Elba, he escape and return back to
Paris where the citizens (pro-Napoleon) still support and join the
new troop army he bulit after the 100th days he return.
the conflict : betrayer
some says that he

is this true? my opinion is i dont think he recreate this system back. he

give the honour/award to some certain citizens for the civil and military
achievements.

“ ...I do not hurt the principle of equality by giving titles to certain men
without respect of birth, which is now an exploded nation : and that it
was necessary to efface the prestige of the noblesse of the old regime.
my intention s to make the generals so rich that i shall never hear of them
dishonouring by cupidity the most noble profession, or attracting the
contempt of the soldier. “
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Whitcomb, Edward A “ Napoleon Prefect”. The American

Historical Review 79. No 4, 1975.
 Thomson J.M Napoleon Bonaparte His Rise And Fall. Oxford:
Basil Blakwell,1969.
 Robert Ergang, !967, Europe : From The Renaissance to
Waterloo, D.C.Health and Company, America.
 Sir George Clark, Sir James Butler, J.P.T. Burye.A. Benians, The
New Cambridge Modern History, Volume IX, War And Peace
In Age of Upheaval 1793-1830.
 Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon Bonaparte as Hero And Saviour,
Image, Rhetoric and Behaviour In The Construction of A
Legend