B08

AERODYNAMICS
A K M A L FAU Z A N
KRISTIADI HASUDUNGAN
Y U S R O N A Z H A RY
XIME ANG XION E
PAGE 25 - 40
AERODYNAMICS TERMINOLOGY
LIFT

By using Bernoulli Theorem, The convergent part of the tube resembling

the upper surface of the wing as the velocity increases and static pressure
decreases. Whilst the divergent part resembles the lower surface of the
wing as the velocity is travelling at a lower speed than the upper surface
so its static pressure is increasing.
• In order to separate the flow, the dividing stream as it • On a typical aerofoil section, the forward stagnation
approaches the aerofoil is slowed down by the surface and point occurs just below the leading edge of the wing,
momentarily comes to a rest near the leading edge, so that the airflow passing over the upper surface
forming a stagnation point. At this point the velocity of has to move forward first. In moving forward the
the airflow is reduced to zero and the static pressure air imparts an upward acceleration to the airflow
reaches its maximum (Bernoulli equation), this is known as passing over the upper surface, which along with the
stagnation pressure of the airflow and is above that of pressure differential (negative pressure gradient)
ambient pressure. associated with the upper surface helps draw the air
• A further stagnation point will also exist at the rear of the locally upwards producing an upwash.
aerofoil, due to the pressure gradient over the aerofoil, • At the rear of the aerofoil the air leaving the upper
but this point will be dealt with later in the sections surface will be moving faster relative to the air
dealing with stalling, as it affects the air at the rear of the leaving the lower surface. This will tend to force the
aerofoil. streamlines downwards producing a downwash.
ANGLE OF ATTACK

The attitude that an aerofoil surface presents to an oncoming airflow

is known as its angle of attack (α), and is the angle measured
between the chord line of the aerofoil and the relative airflow (RAF).
EFFECT OF AOA +(POSITIVE)
If the aerofoil is now given a positive AOA, the
stagnation point will move below the leading edge
causing an upwash to develop.
• This brings about an increase in velocity of the air
passing over the upper surface of the aerofoil
compared to the air passing below the lower
surface. In order to maintain the equation of
continuity therefore, the air passing over the upper
surface as it now has further to travel, must be go
faster.
• The changes in velocity over the aerofoil therefore
will change the static pressure above and below the
surface producing a pressure difference between the
two surfaces allowing lift to be generated.
EFFECT OF AOA 0(ZER0)
• On an asymmetrical aerofoil however, at zero
degrees AOA, the stagnation point will form
below the leading edge and an upwash will
occur. This will therefore produce lift at this
angle, as the air passing over the more curved
upper surface will be travelling faster than the
air passing below the aerofoil.
•
WINGSHAPE AND EFFECT OF THE LIFT
• The shape of a wing affect the amount
of lift generated as it has a major
influence on the way air moves around
it, in both a chordwise and spanwise
direction.

Chordwise Direction

the pressure differential between

the upper and lower surface will
Spanwise Direction
depend on its cross section
shape ie its amount of camber, an
the planform shape of the wing affects the
asymmetrical wing producing
way lift is generated as it not only changes
more lift than a symmetrical wing
the area of the wing by changing in its chord
for a given angle of attack.
length, but it also affects the way tip vortices
are produced