Further Analysis of Reversible Machines

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Innovation of A New Property of A System!!!!

 Performance of Reversible Machines : SSSF

HTR (Source) HTR (Source) HTR (Source)

QHC QHS QHR

Wout,C Wout,S Wout,R Regenerative

Carnot Stirling Engine
Engine Engine

QLC QLS QLR

LTR (Sink) LTR (Sink) LTR (Sink)

 Compound Machine using two Reversible Machines

HTR (Source)

QHC QHS

Wout,C Wout,S
Carnot Stirling
Engine Engine

QLC QLS

LTR (Sink)
All Reversible Machines Working Between Same Reservoirs
should have Same performance
 Further Algebra of A Reversible Engine Model

 
W net QH  QL TL
Carnot      1
QH QH TH

Use a generalized indices…

Q LTR TLTR
1   1
Q HTR THTR

Q LTR TLTR

Q HTR THTR
 Q LTR Q HTR

TLTR THTR
During a time duration 
QHTR QLTR
 0
THTR TLTR
QHTR QLTR
 0
THTR TLTR
For any reversible cycle with n number heat transfer processes
n
Qi

i 1 Ti
0

•Where, i shows ith process and n is the number of process in a cycle.

•But Qi is a path function and depends on process.
 •Therefore,

m k 1
Q

k 1 k T
0

k is an initial state and k+1 is a final state.

m is the number state Points in a cycle.
Therefore for all reversible cycles.

Q
 T
0
 A New cyclic Integral
Q
 T
0
Cyclic integral of this new quantity is zero!
Any quantity whose cyclic integral is zero is a property !
Q
 is indpendent of path for a reversible process.
T
For a reversible process an infinitesimal change in this new property is:
Q 
dS    rev
T 
Boltzman named S as Entropy of a substance.

Q 
f
During a reversible process
S f  Si    
i 
T rev
Entropy, S : A Measure of State of Matter

So (J/K•mol)
H2O(liq) 69.95
H2O(gas) 188.8

For a given substance

S (gaseous state) > S (liquid state) > S (solid state)

 Entropy and Order of Molecules of Matter

S˚(Br2 liq) < S˚(Br2 gas) S˚(H2O solid) < S˚(H2O liquid)
 Entropy, S : Molecular Complexity

Increase in molecular complexity

generally leads to increase in S.
Standard Molar Entropies
Entropy and Temperature

S increases
slightly with T
S increases a
large amount
with phase
changes
 Entropy Change during a Reversible Process
• From the definition of the entropy, it is known that
Q=TdS during a reversible process.
• The total heat transfer during this process is given by
Qreversible =  TdS
• Therefore, it is useful to consider the T-S diagram for a
reversible process involving heat transfer
• On a T-S diagram, the area under
the process curve represents the heat
T transfer for a reversible process
• A reversible adiabatic process

S
 Carnot Cycle
• Show the Carnot cycle on a T-S diagram and identify the
heat transfer at both the high and low temperatures, and the
work output from the cycle.
T 1 2
TH • 1-2, reversible isothermal heat transfer
QH = TdS = TH(S2-S1) area 1-2-B-A
• 2-3, reversible, adiabatic expansion
TL isentropic process, S=constant (S2=S3)
4 3
• 3-4, reversible isothermal heat transfer
A B QL = TdS = TL(S4-S3), area 3-4-A-B
• 4-1, reversible, adiabatic compression
S1=S4 S2=S3 S
isentropic process, S1=S4

• Net work Wnet = QH - QL, the area enclosed by 1-2-3-4, the

shaded area
 Nature of Reversible Machines

For all reversible heat engines:  Q   W  0

Q 
  T   0

For all reversible heat pumps and refrigerators:  Q   W  0

Q 
  T   0
Q 
Therefore all reversible machines in this universe :   T   0
 Process : h-s Diagram : Mollier Diagram
• Enthalpy-entropy diagram, h-s diagram: it is valuable in
analyzing steady-flow devices such as turbines,
compressors, etc.
• Dh: change of enthalpy from energy balance (from the
first law of thermodynamics)
• Ds: change of entropy from the second law.
• A measure of the irreversibilities during an adiabatic
process.
h

Dh

Ds
s
Enthalpy Vs Entropy Diagram
Temperature- Entropy Diagram
 TdS -- Equations

• For a control mass containing a pure compressible substance

undergoing a reversible process (no change in KE & PE)
dU= Qrev - Wrev = TdS - pdV
TdS = dU + pdV, or Tds = du + pdv ( per unit mass)
 This is the famous Gibbsian equation
Eliminate du by using the definition of enthalpy h=u+pv
dh = du + pdv + vdp, thus du + pdv = dh - vdp
Tds = du + pdv, also Tds = dh - vdp
• Important: these equations relate the entropy change of a
system to the changes in other properties: dh, du, dp, dv.
• Therefore, they are independent of the processes.
 Entropy change of an incompressible substance
• For most liquids and all solids, the density is not changed
as pressure changes, that is, dv=0.
• Gibbsian equation states that Tds=du+pdv=du, du=CdT.
• For an incompressible substance Cp=Cv=C is a function of
temperature only.
du C T dT
 ds   ds 
T T
C T dT
2 T1
Integrating from state 1 to state 2
s2  s1   ds  
1 T1
T

T1 Where, Cavg is the averaged

dT
s2  s1  Cavg  specific heat over the given
T1
T temperature range.
 Entropy change during change of Phase
• Consider steam is undergoing a phase transition from
liquid to vapor at a constant temperature.

du p
ds   dv
T T
For a change from saturated liquid to saturated vapor
1 p
s fg  s g  s f  (u g  u f )  (vg  v f )
T T
u fg p  v fg
s fg  s g  s f  
T T
Determine the entropy change sfg=sg-sf using the Gibbsian
equations and compare the value to that read directly from the
thermodynamic table.