523 05 Eyal Ben Dor GSSL

The Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) :
Importance and Activity
Prepared by Prof. Eyal Ben Dor

The Remote Sensing Laboratory, Tel Aviv University
bendor@post.tau.ac.il
Presented by Stephane Chevrel
PoC CA-06
chevrel@chevrel.eu
stephane.chevrel@minpol.com
1 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016
1
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Definition: Soil and Soil spectroscopy, Soil

spectral library
• Soil Spectra: Prediction attributes, Utilization
• Soil Spectral Library: Importance
• Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) – Evaluation
• Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) – Examples
• Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) – Problems
• Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) – Solutions
SOIL
A medium for plants to grow

The upper layer of the earth (  0-2m) represent its loose surface material which is dug,
plowed and being a medium for plants to grow. (Thompson 1957)
SOIL is a complex system characterized by chemical and
physical attributes that plays a critical role in the food
production for the entire mankind
Soil composed of :
• clay and clay minerals
• silt
• sand
• organic matter
• Carbonates
• Minerals
• iron oxides
• water
• particles
• air
• Cations
• Anions
• Flora
• Fauna
• Return Impact
SOIL SPECTROSCOPY
The soil matter interacts with the reflectance/emittance
part of the electromagnetic radiation across the VIS-NIR-
SWIR-TIR spectral region range (0.35-14mm).
A typical Soil Reflectance Spectrum
An effective way to simplify the complexity of the soil system
Iron
Oxides
Clays
Hygroscopic
Organic
Matter
Water
Organic
Matter =
Calcite
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Wavelength (mm)
Chromophore = An attribute that interact

with the electromagnetic radiation
Soil Spectral Library
Soil samples at storage, with wet chemistry data plus reflectance spectra
measured under a well accepted protocol process
Soil Attributes
Soil Spectra Files
Sample Location OM Clay Lime….

A1 34,5467.67 2.4 % 34% 23.4%
36,654,32
Examples of some of the soil attributes that can be extracted from
spectral library (1)
Examples of some of the soil attributes that can be extracted from
spectral library (2)
Importance of soil spectroscopy
Number of papers published in soil spectroscopy over the years :
Point and Image domains
Number of papers and Patents
Point Spectroscopy
Image Spectroscopy
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
Private Sector has just discovered the importance of Soil Spectral Library
2016
Rapid (and massive)

analyses of soil
samples without the
need for “wet”
laboratories
Provided by Viscarra Rossel
• Soil Spectroscopy is a way to integrate the complex
interactions between several soil attributes in one
figure
• The endmembers in a given soil spectrum are all

chromophores with a physical and chemical basis
• Spectral data mining of a given SSL can provide

information (“model”) about several endmembers
(attributes) rapidly even if they are non linear
• Soil data mining of a “model” requires hundreds of

spectra samples in order to provide reliable results
These make the (big ) soil spectral data important for
many application and support the idea of the Global
Soil Spectral Library (GSSL)
In 2006 Raphael Viscarra Rossel (CSIRO) understood the GSSL
importance and initiated an activity toward establishing the first GSSL
provided by Viscarra Rossel

CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016
In 2015 Viscarra Rossel effort yield the first
GSSL Global Soil VNIR-SWIR Spectra
Some 20,000 VNIR-SWIR reflectance spectra from 12,509 sites in 92 countries
over the 7 continents
45 collaborators from 35 institutions collaborate to the global database

Attributes
Continent
Position Description
Authors: Those who contribute to GSSL established by Viscarra Rossel
R.A. Viscarra Rossel et al. / Earth-Science Reviews 155 (2016) 198–230
Soil Inventory in the GSSL
Viscarra Rossel 2015
Spectral Based Unsupervised classification of World soil from the GSSL: Example
Chemometric (non linear spectral data mining) from the GSSL: Example

More SSLs are being generated since the first GSSL has
established BUT not (yet) merge with the GSSL
Example: The LUCAS spectral library
2011
Current status:
23 European countries
~20,000 high quality spectral
readings
Metadata: Clay, silt, sand, OC,
pH, CEC, CaCO3, Geographical
coordinates, land use, etc
Soil Spectral Library : The problems
• As SSL can be used quantitatively – protocol and QA

–QI must be used in order to merge SSLs from
varieties of sources
• New players are entering the SS field without a

concrete background
• As SSLs hold a commercial value – a way to share

data must be agreed by all data contributors in
order to ensure future enlargement of the GSSL
Lucky Bay Wylie Bay
Solution for problem 1
The Internal Soil Standard
Solution for problem 2
A simple protocol has

established for new users
Since 2014
Solution for Problem 3
Following the EUFAR EWG meeting in October 2016 a document that will align
all the IP issues in a way that all will be able to contribute to the GSSL and
benefit from it without violating IP.
The Global Soil Spectroscopy Library
Summary
• Reflectance spectroscopy (RS) of soils is an important property for Food
Security issues world wide.
• Spectral libraries are generated under regional, national, continental and

global scales.
• The GSSL initiative paves the road to accumulate libraries from all scales
and all resources
• Standard and protocols as well as a shared agreement document in order

to ensure better GSSL management is under a formulating stage
• The GSSL is an important voluntary project that requires better

recognition by international organization such as the UN and GEO

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The Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) :

Importance and Activity

Prepared by Prof. Eyal Ben Dor

• Definition: Soil and Soil spectroscopy, Soil

A medium for plants to grow

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Chromophore = An attribute that interact

Soil Spectra Files

Sample Location OM Clay Lime….

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Rapid (and massive)

• The endmembers in a given soil spectrum are all

• Spectral data mining of a given SSL can provide

• Soil data mining of a “model” requires hundreds of

provided by Viscarra Rossel

provided by Viscarra Rossel

provided by Viscarra Rossel

R.A. Viscarra Rossel et al. / Earth-Science Reviews 155 (2016) 198–230

Viscarra Rossel 2015

Viscarra Rossel 2015

Viscarra Rossel 2015

• As SSL can be used quantitatively – protocol and QA

• New players are entering the SS field without a

• As SSLs hold a commercial value – a way to share

A simple protocol has

• Spectral libraries are generated under regional, national, continental and

• Standard and protocols as well as a shared agreement document in order

• The GSSL is an important voluntary project that requires better

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