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GESTRALT LAWS

This school of psychology upon which most of cognitive psychology is based


was developed by Wolfgang Kohler, Marx Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka in 1921.
In their study, the primary focus was perception. Their studies led to the
principles or laws that govern how people assign meanings to visual stimuli.

Several laws were developed from their research


1. Laws of Continuity
This law sate the perceptual organization tends to preserve smooth
continuities rather than abrupt changes.
2. Laws of Closure
This law states that incomplete figures tend to be seen as complete.
For instance, the following figures will be perceived better as complete circles and square.
3. Law of Proximity
This law holds that things close together are grouped together in perception.
Lines drawn close together seem to be grouped as in this figure.
4. Law of Similarity
This law refers to the perception or similar objects that tend to be related.
In the example below, even though the horizontal and vertical distances among the letters
are the same, most people perceive rows rather than columns because the letters are the same.

A A A A A
B B B B B
C C C C C
Z Z Z Z Z
M M M M M
Q Q Q Q Q
5.Laws of Pragranz
This law came about as an over arching principle of Gestralt psychology.
Developed by Koffka (1933), it states that of all the possible organizations that could
be perceived from a visual stimulus, the one the will most likely occur is the one that possesse
the best, simplest, and most stable forms.

LEWIN’S TOPOLOGICAL AND VECTOR THEORY (FIELD THEORY)


Another cognitivist is Kurt Lewin who came up with the view that focused on the
psychological field or life space of an individual. Lewin’s basic premise is that every object
exists in a “Field of Forces” that move to change it, or give it a degree of stability and
substance (Lundgren, 1980-314).
INFORMATION-PROCESSING THEORIES
This disagreement of a number of psychologists with the proposition
developed by behaviorists led to the development of theories based on an
information-processing orientation.

Information processing theories describe psychological events in terms of


transformations of information from input to output.

Information processing models are usually presented graphically such as


the figure below.
Learning Theories and Their Application to
Classroom and School Practices
Psychologists and educators are agreed that although association theories of learning do not
explain all learning processes; they have undoubtedly explained and contributed to the
present understanding of some learning process.

With conditioning and reinforcement as the bases of these theories, they have influenced the
development of such approaches to the teaching learning processes as programmed learning
and computer assisted instruction.

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