Chapter 04

Chapter 4
System Unit Components
Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Objectives Overview
Differentiate among various Describe the control unit

Identify chips, adapter
styles of system units on and arithmetic logic unit
cards, and other
desktop computers, components of a processor,
components of a
notebook computers, and and explain the four steps in
motherboard
mobile devices a machine cycle
Identify characteristics of
various personal computer Define a bit and describe Explain how program
processors on the market how a series of bits instructions transfer in and
today, and describe the represents data out of memory
ways processors are cooled
See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 2

for Detailed Objectives
Objectives Overview
Differentiate between a port and

Describe the purpose and types
a connector, and explain the
of expansion slots and adapter
Differentiate among the various differences among a USB port,
cards, and differentiate among
types of memory FireWire port, Bluetooth port,
slots for various removable flash
SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port,
memory devices
serial port, and MIDI port
Explain the purpose of a power Understand how to clean a

Describe the types of buses in a
supply and describe how it keeps system unit on a computer or
computer
cool mobile device
See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 3

for Detailed Objectives
The System Unit
• The system unit is

a case that
contains
electronic
components of
the computer
used to process
data
Page 210 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 4

Figure 4-1
The System Unit
• The inside of the system unit on a desktop

personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
Figure 4-2
The System Unit
• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

system unit
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits

Figure 4-3
Processor
• The processor, also called the central processing

unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
– Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
Multi-core Dual-core Quad-core

processor processor processor

Figure 4-4
Processor
• The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

Processor
• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle

Figure 4-5
Processor
• Most current personal

computers support
pipelining
– Processor begins
fetching a second
instruction before it
completes the machine
cycle for the first
instruction
Pages 215 – 216 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 11

Figure 4-6
Processor
The processor contains registers, that

temporarily hold data and instructions
The system clock controls the timing of

all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Processor
• The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD

Figure 4-7
Processor
• Determine how you plan to use a new computer

before selecting a processor

Figure 4-8
Processor
• A processor chip
generates heat that
could cause the chip to
burn up
• Require additional
cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling
technology
Pages 219 - 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 15

Figures 4-9 – 4-10
Processor
• Parallel processing uses multiple processors

simultaneously to execute a single program or task
– Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of
processors

Figure 4-11
Data Representation
Analog signals are continuous and vary in

strength and quality
Digital signals are in one of two states: on or

off
• Most computers are digital
• The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
• Bits and bytes
Data Representation
A computer circuit represents Eight bits grouped together as a
the 0 or the 1 electronically by unit are called a byte. A byte
the presence or absence of an represents a single character in
electrical charge the computer ASCII character

Figures 4-12 – 4-13
Data Representation
• ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the most
widely used coding
scheme to represent
data

Figure 4-14
Figure 4-15
Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components that

store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Data being
The operating
Application processed and the
system and other
programs resulting
system software
information

Memory
• Each location in memory has an address

• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes
(TB)

Figure 4-17
Memory
• The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory
Loses its contents when Does not lose contents

power is turned off when power is removed
Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM
flash memory, and CMOS

Figure 4-18
Memory
• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

Dynamic RAM Magnetoresistive
Static RAM (SRAM)
(DRAM) RAM (MRAM)

Figure 4-19
Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

and are inserted into memory slots

Figure 4-20
Memory
• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer

often depends on the types of software you plan
to use

Figure 4-21
Memory
• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

because it stores frequently used instructions and data

Figure 4-22
Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips

storing permanent data and instructions
• Firmware
A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a

blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
• EEPROM can be erased

Memory
• Flash memory can be erased electronically and

rewritten
– CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes
little power

Figure 4-23
Memory
• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds

Figures 4-24 – 4-25
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard
that can hold an adapter
card
• An adapter card enhances
functions of a component of
the system unit and/or
provides connections to
peripherals
– Sound card and video card

Figure 4-26
• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

can configure adapter cards and other peripherals
as you install them

Figure 4-27
• Removable flash memory includes:

– Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules

Figure 4-28
Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or

communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred
to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port

Figure 4-29
• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the

back, front, and/or sides

Figure 4-30
Figure 4-31
• A USB port can connect up to 127 different

peripherals together with a single connector
– You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB
port with a USB hub

Figure 4-32
• Other types of ports include:

Firewire Bluetooth
SCSI port
port port
eSATA port IrDA port Serial port
MIDI port

A Bluetooth wireless port A smart phone might
adapter converts a USB port into communicate with a notebook
a Bluetooth port computer using an IrDA port

Figures 4-33 – 4-34
• A port replicator is an
external device that
provides connections to
peripherals through ports
built into the device
• A docking station is an
external device that
attaches to a mobile
computer or device

Figure 4-35
Buses
• A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
each other
– Data bus
– Address bus
• Word size is the number
of bits the processor can
interpret and execute at a
given time

Figure 4-36
Buses
• Expansion slots connect to expansion buses

• Common types of expansion buses include:
Accelerated
PCI bus PCI Express bus
Graphics Port
USB and FireWire

PC Card bus
bus

Bays
• A bay is an opening
inside the system unit in
which you can install
additional equipment
– A drive bay typically
holds disk drives

Figure 4-37
Power Supply
The power supply converts the wall

outlet AC power into DC power
Some external peripherals have an AC

adapter, which is an external power
supply
Putting It All Together
Home Small Office/ Mobile

Intel Core i5 or Home Office Intel Core i7 Extreme or
Intel Core 2 i3 or Intel Core i7 or Intel Core i7 or
AMD Athlon II or Intel Core i7 Extreme or AMD Phenom II or
AMD Sempron AMD Phenom II or AMD Turion II
AMD Athlon II
Minimum RAM: 2 GB Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Minimum RAM: 4 GB

Figure 4-38
Putting It All Together
Power Enterprise
Intel Xeon or Intel Core i7 or
Intel Itanium or Intel Core i7 Extreme
AMD Opteron or AMD Phenom II or
Minimum RAM: 8 GB AMD Athlon II
Minimum RAM: 4 GB

Figure 4-38
Keeping Your Computer
or Mobile Device Clean
Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year
Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device before

cleaning it
Use compressed air to blow away dust
Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and a

cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen
Video: The Leopard with a Time Machine
CLICK TO START
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 50

Summary
Sequence of operations
How memory stores
Components of the that occur when a
data, instructions, and
system unit computer executes an
information
instruction
Comparison of various
How to clean the
personal computer
exterior and interior of
processors on the
a system unit
market today

Chapter 4
System Unit Components
Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Chapter 4 Complete

Chapter 04

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Chapter 4

System Unit Components

Differentiate among various Describe the control unit

See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 2

Differentiate between a port and

Explain the purpose of a power Understand how to clean a

See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 3

• The system unit is

Page 210 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 4

• The inside of the system unit on a desktop

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

Page 212 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 6

• The processor, also called the central processing

Multi-core Dual-core Quad-core

Page 213 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 7

• The control unit is the component of the

Page 214 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 9

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

Page 215 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 10

• Most current personal

Pages 215 – 216 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 11

The processor contains registers, that

The system clock controls the timing of

Pages 216 – 217 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 13

• Determine how you plan to use a new computer

Page 218 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 14

Pages 219 - 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 15

• Parallel processing uses multiple processors

Page 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 16

Analog signals are continuous and vary in

Digital signals are in one of two states: on or

Page 221 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 18

Page 221 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 19

• Memory consists of electronic components that

Page 223 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 21

• Each location in memory has an address

Page 223 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 22

• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents

Examples include ROM,

Pages 223 - 224 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 23

• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

Page 225 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 25

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

Page 225 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 26

• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer

Page 226 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 27

• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

Page 227 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 28

Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips

A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a

• EEPROM can be erased

Page 228 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 29

• Flash memory can be erased electronically and

Pages 228 – 229 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 30

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

Page 229 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 31

Page 230 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 32

• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

Pages 230 – 231 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 33

• Removable flash memory includes:

Page 231 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 34