Lecture 1

Introduction to Communication
Instructor: Moiz Karim Khan
Ancient Caves
We have came so far from
caves to civilizations:
Introduction
Meaning
“COMMUNICATION is the process of passing information and
understanding from one to another”.

Definition
“Communication is interchange of thoughts , opinions,
information, by speech, writing or signs”
Background for Effective
Business Communication:

• If you can communicate effectively in speaking and writing,

you have a highly valued skill.

• Communication effectively in speaking and writing extend

across all areas of business, including, management, technical,
clerical and social positions.

• The phenomenal growth of internal trade creates the need for

you to also understand intercultural communication.
Ancient Heritage For
Communication:
• Western principles of communication developed in an ancient
Greece and Rome, with an emphasis on oral rhetorical
traditions.

• The ancient world, both the East and the West, depended
heavily on oral communication.

• During the Medieval and Renaissance periods, the oral

tradition continued.
• As the writing became more important as a permanent record of
communication that’s how authors and books on written
communication principles appeared.

• Communication principle origination in the East, particularly China,

are based on and connected with the importance of bureaucracy.

• For centuries, Chinese political theorist, were concerned with the

problem of communicating within the vast government officials.

• Their advised stated that information should flow smoothly upward

and downward.

• The theorist also encouraged rules and official to minimize bias and
falsification of sources and to resist the influence of clique and
opportunist.
PURPOSE OF
COMMUNICATION
1.Communication to inform:
 Communication to inform is directed by the desire to
expose, develop, and explain the subject.
 It focuses on the subject of the
communication. Ex-Scientific
writings.

2.Communication to Persuade
 The focus is on the receiver and not
the message Ex- advertisements.
Importance of communication
 Communication skills constitute an important aspect of
effective management.

 Some important functions of managing are

forecasting , planning, organizing, instructing,
coordinating, controlling.

 Communication is the system by which these operations are

led and coordinated and the results feedback.
Communication Process
The Linear Concept
 Passive communication/one-way communication.
 This is the earliest conceptualization of communication.
 A receiver passively receives the message and acts as
directed or desiredby the sender
 Assumed that the message reaches the receiver without
any distortion or change
 There is no response from the receiver of the message.
 Audio tapes and CDs; videotapes; manuals; printed
materials; faxes; radio and TV broadcasts.

Sender Media receiver

Receiver Action
action
Shannon Weaver Model
Shannon Weaver Model
 Communication is a reciprocal process and a mutual
exchange of messages
 The two-way concept involves receiver as an active agent
in the construction of meaning of the message
Berlo’s Model of
Communication
• In 1960, David Berlo expanded Shannon and Weaver's
1949 linear model of communication and created the
Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model of
Communication. The SMCR Model of Communication
separated the model into clear parts and has been
expanded upon by other scholars.
Berlo’s Model of
Communication
Modes of Communication
Major Classifications of
Communications
Can be classified on basis of..…..
A) Number of persons/ receivers to whom message is addressed
:
i) Intrapersonal:- talking to one’s own self.
• E.g. Soliloquies
• ii) Interpersonal :- exchange of messages between two persons.
• E.g. conversation, dialogue, an interview, some other cases like…
an
• author, a letter etc.
iii)Group:- Can be among small groups like organization, club,
class rooms where all individuals retain their individual identity
iv)Mass:- occurs when the message is sent to large groups of
people
• E.g. news paper, radio, T.V etc.
B) On basis of medium employed
i) Verbal:- means communicating with words, written or
spoken
ii) Non verbal :- includes using of pictures signs, gestures
and facial expressions for exchanging information between
persons
E.g. personal space, touch, eyes, sense of smell and time.
iii) Meta communication:- the speaker’s choice of words
unintentionally communicates something more than what
the actual words state.
 Types of
Communicatio
n

Vertical Horizontal Grapevine

Downward

Upward
The Five Communication
Styles
Assertive
Aggressive
Passive-aggressive
Submissive
Manipulative
The Assertive Style
Assertive communication is born of high self- esteem. It is the
healthiest and most effective style of communication - the sweet spot
between being too aggressive and too passive.

Behavioral Characteristics

 Achieving goals without hurting others

 Protective of own rights and respectful of others' rights
 Socially and emotionally expressive
 Making your own choices and taking responsibility for them
 Asking directly for needs to be met, while accepting the
possibility of rejection
 Accepting compliments
The Aggressive Style
This style is about winning – often at someone else's expense. An
aggressive person behaves as if their needs are the most important,
as though they have more rights, and have more to contribute than
other people. It is an ineffective communication style as the content
of the message may get lost because people are too busy reacting to
the way it's delivered.
Behavioral Characteristics
 Frightening, threatening, loud,hostile
 Willing to achieve goals at expense ofothers
 Out to"win"
 Demanding,Confrontational
 Explosive,unpredictable
 Bullying
The Passive-Aggressive Style
This is a style in which people appear passive on the surface, but are
actually acting out their anger in indirect or behind-the-scenes ways.
Prisoners of War often act in passive-aggressive ways in order to deal
with an overwhelming lack of power.

Behavioral Characteristics
 Indirectly aggressive
 Sarcastic
 Devious
 Unreliable
 Complaining
 Sulky
 Patronizing
 Gossips
 Two-faced
The Submissive Style
This style is about pleasing other people and avoiding conflict. A
submissive person behaves as if other peoples' needs are more
important, and other people have more rights and more to contribute.

Behavioral Characteristics
 Apologetic (feel as if you are imposing when you ask for what you
want)
 Avoiding any confrontation
 Finding difficulty in taking responsibility or decisions
 Yielding to someone else's preferences (and discounting own rights
and needs)
 Opting out
 Feeling like a victim
 Blaming others for events
 Refusing compliments
 Inexpressive (of feelings and desires)
The Manipulative Style
This style is scheming, calculating and shrewd.
Manipulative communicators are skilled at influencing or
controlling others to their own advantage. Their spoken words hide
an underlying message, of which the other person may be totally
unaware.

Behavioral Characteristics

 Cunning
 Controlling of others in an insidious way – for example, by sulking
 Asking indirectly for needs to bemet
 Making others feel obliged or sorry forthem.
 Uses 'artificial'tears
Barriers to Communication
Physical barriers

Psychological barrier

Cultural barrier

Language barrier
Business Communication

• Life blood of every organization

• Achieving Career Success through Effective Communication

• Effective Communication enables organizations to function

successfully.

• It helps you anticipate problems, make decisions, coordinate

work flow, supervise others, develop relationships, and
promote products
The role of communication in
business :
• Communication is important to business

• People with strong communication skills are preferred

• The shortcomings of employees and importance of

communication in businesses explains the importance to
study communication skills

• Perform well and you will be likely to be rewarded well.

Board of Directors

Managing
Director

Senior
Management

Middle level
Management

Senior
Supervisor

First Line
Supervisor

Employees
Types Of Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication generally takes place
between two or more individuals at the workplace.

Organizational Communication
Communication taking place at all levels in the organization
refers to organizational communication
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is the process by which people
exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal
and non-verbal messages.

It is face-to-face communication. Interpersonal

communication is not just about what is actually said - the
language used - but how it is said and the non-verbal
messages sent through tone of voice, facial expressions,
gestures and body language.
Organizational
Communication
The formal communication efforts of the organization
planned products and services typically produced by
communication professionals).

Group communications that occur within, among and

across work teams and units.

Leader and supervisor verbal communications and

behaviors.
WAYS OF COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication: Face-to-face, telephone, radio,

television and other media.
Written communication: Letters, e-mails, books, magazines,
the Internet or via other media.
Non-Verbal communication: Body
language, gestures, how we dress or act - even our scent.
Visualization: Graphs, charts, maps, logos.
THANK YOU