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Ita Armyanti
Farmakologi/Bioetika PSPD
1 GI/PSPD/UNTAN 10/31/2019
2 GI/PSPD/UNTAN 10/31/2019
Fungsi GIT diatur oleh:
Otot
Persarafan lokal (saraf enterik/ENS) t’penting
Persarafan pusat (SSP/CNS)
Jalur humoral
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4 GI/PSPD/UNTAN 10/31/2019
Gejala & penyakit gastrointestinal
Gastritis
Ulkus peptikum
GERD
IBS
IBD
Mual-muntah
Konstipasi-diare
Infeksi
Perdarahan saluran cerna
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Obat saluran cerna
(1) Obat yang mengurangi keasaman lambung
- antasida
- antagonis reseptor H2
- proton-pump inhibitor (PPI)
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7 GIT-drugs/2013 31/10/2019
Antacids
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
CaCO3
Mg2+ hydroxides
Al3+ hydroxide
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Antacids
Given orally 1-3 hrs after meals and bedtime
Mg+2 based preparations increase motility
Diarrhea
Al+3 based preparations relax smooth muscle
Constipation
Ca+2 based preparations release CO2 Belching,
nausea, distension, and flatulence.
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Common Side Effects
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PPIs
1. Most potent suppressors of acid secretion
2. 24-48 hr effects on acid suppression
Irreversible inhibitor of proton pump; blocks 98% of
acid secretion in all forms of ulcer and
hypersecretory Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
The drug is given in gelatin coated capsule to resist
breakdown in stomach acid. It reaches the intestine,
well absorbed, enters blood stream,reaches the
parietal cell.
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PPIs
Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ATPase function to:
Block gastric acid secretion
Decrease pepsin concentration
Increase gastric pH
Secretion of acid only resumes when new proton
pumps are deployed
Steady-state inhibition (affecting 70% of pumps)
may take 2-5 days
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PPI Pharmacology
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Available PPIs
Esomeprazole (Nexium)
Lansoprazole (Laproton. Lapraz)
Omeprazole (Protop, Pumpitor, OGB)
Pantoprazole (Pantozol) (iv)
Rabeprazole (Pariet)
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PPI Metabolism
Rapidly absorbed and Highly protein bound
Extensively metabolized in the liver by the P450
system (CYP2C19 and CYP3A4)
Sulfated metabolites are excreted in the urine or
feces
Hepatic disease reduces the clearance of lansoprazole
reduce dose
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Common PPI Side Effects
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Drug-Drug Interactions
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H2RAs
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Available H2RAs
H2 receptor blockers:
Cimetidine (OGB, iv)
First H2-blocker available Inhibits
P450 Drug interaction
Ranitidine (OGB, iv)
Does not inhibit P450 fewer side
effects
Famotidine ((Famocid, Gaster:iv®)
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Pharmacokinetics
Rapidly absorbed after oral administration
Serum concentrations peak in 1-3 hr
Therapeutic levels maintained up to 12 hrs
Small percentage is protein bound
10% to 35 % metabolized by the liver
Drugs and metabolites primarily excreted by kidneys
(**reduce doses in renal disease)
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1. inhibit 90% acid secretion in basal state as well as
food-induced and nocturnal acid production.
2. they are helpful in healing gastric and duodenal
ulcers and prevent their recurrence. Have benefits
in preventing increased gastric acid secretion in
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
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Common H2RA Side Effects
All less than 3%
Diarrhea
Headache
Drowsiness
Fatigue
Muscular pain
Constipation
Much less common
Confusion, delirium in the elderly
Associated with thrombocytopenia
Cimetidine anti-androgen effects
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Drug-Drug Interactions
1. Inhibits CyP450: Inhibits the metabolism of
various drugs that are concomitantly taken:
phenytoin, warfarin, theophylinne, BZD.
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(2) Obat yang memproteksi
mukosa gastroduodenal
- sukralfat
- analog prostaglandin
(misoprostol)
- senyawa bismuth
koloid
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Sekresi asam lambung
Tempat kerja obat
1. Misoprostol
Analog PgE1
MoA :
- berikatan dg R. EP3 (sel parietal) protein Gi
cAMP & sek. Asam
- sitoprotektif
Farmakokinetik:
Per oral abs. cepat
Cepat mengalami metabolisme (sel parietal) as.
Misoprostol (matabolit aktif)
Cmax 60-90’ , bertahan 3 jam 4x/hari
Makanan & antasid kecepatan abs
Eliminasi:
metabolit (tu.urin); t1/2:20-40’
renal insufisiensi ≠ perlu sesuaikan dosis
ESO:
Diare, nyeri perut/ kram (>30%)
Kontraksi uterus (KI/ kehamilan)
Eksaserbasi inflammatory bowel disease
Indikasi:
Profilaksis tukak sal.cerna (FDA)
--> ps dg risiko (lansia, pernah tukak/perdrhan sal.cerna perlu
NSAID)
Dosis: 200g --4x/hari
Indikasi:
Profilaksis stress ulcer (critically ill patient)
Inflamasi/ulserasi mukosa ≠ responsif dg supresi asam
(radiasi, aphtous ulcer)
Enema rektal: proktitis radiasi
Dosis: 1 gr--4x/hari; 4-8 mgg
2.Sukralfat
ESO:
Konstipasi (2%)
Ggn f/ginjal: akumulasi Al+3
IO:
Membtk ‘viscous layer’ --> ggn absorbsi:
Fenitoin, digoksin, simetidin, ketokonazol, fluorokuinolon
--> selang waktu 2 jam
3.Bismut koloidal
Bismut subsalisilat (pepto-bismol)
Bismut subsitrat
Bismut dinitrat
Bismut subsalisilat
disosiasi cepat di lambung --> bismut+salisilat
barier fisik & efek sitoprotektif
salisilat: m(-)I frekuensi & likuiditas diare akut
bismut: efek AM & mengikat enterotoksin
- preventif & th/ traveler diarrhea
- eradikasi H.pylori
Antisekresi, antiinflamasi, & anti-mikroba
3.Bismut koloidal
Farmakokinetik:
salisilat: abs. cepat --> eksresi urin
bismut: 99%(feces), absorbsi (<1%): deposit bky jaringan --
> eks. Lambat (urin)
3.Bismut koloidal
Indikasi:
Dispesia, diare akut
Preventif traveler’s diarrhea
Eradikasi H.pylorii (skrg ≠ first line therapy)
ESO:
Tinja berwarna hitam
Pewarnaan lidah
Kronik: toksisitas bismut (ataksia, sakit kepala, kejang)
Dosis : toksisitas salisilat
4.Pirenzepin
Antagonis reseptor M1 muskarinik (sistem saraf enterik)
sel parietal: reseptor Ach subtipe M3
Mek.kerja:
hambat stimulasi saraf yg memprod. asam mell kerja
resepor M1 di gaglia intramural
Jarang digunakan:
- efikasi buruk
- ESO>>: antikolinergik, ggn hematologik
Obat saluran cerna
(3) Obat yang menstimulasi motilitas GIT (prokinetik)
37 GI/PSPD/UNTAN 10/31/2019
Prokinetik:
obat yang memperkuat koordinasi motilitas
saluran cerna dan transit makanan di GIT
Efek:
1. me↑tonus sfingter distal esofagus
2. memperbaiki pengosongan lambung
3. menstimulasi usus halus
4. memperkuat transit kolon
Penggunaan klinis:
GERD
Gastroparesis
Ileus paralitik pasca-operasi
Pseudo-obstruksi usus kronis
Konstipasi
Kontraktilitas GIT ditentukan oleh:
Asetilkolin : me↑ motilitas
Serotonin:
5HT3 : stimulasi mual, muntah, nyeri abdomen
5HT4 : meningkatkan pelepasan ACh
Dopamin: me↓ motilitas GIT
Obat prokinetik:
Obat kolinergik/kolinomimetik
Antagonis reseptor dopamin
Modulator reseptor serotonin
Makrolid (eritromisin)
Aktivator kanal klorida
Tabel. Klasifikasi Obat Prokinetik
Kelas Farmakologi Subkelas Contoh Obat Mekanisme Kerja
(5) Antidiare
- agonis opioid (loperamid, difenoksilat)
- kaolin-pektin
- kolestiramin/kolestipol
- somatostatin (oktreotid)
(7) Antinausea-antiemetik
- antagonis reseptor 5HT3 (ondansetron)
- antagonis reseptor dopamin
(metoklopramid, prometazin)
- antagonis reseptor H1
(siklizin, prometazin, difenhidramin)
- antagonis reseptor muskarinik
(skopolamin)
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Obat saluran cerna…..
(8) Obat IBD (Irritable Bowel Disease)
- mesalamin
- anti-TNF/biological response modifiers
(infliximab)
- imunomodulator (metotreksat, siklosporin)
- kortikosteroid
- analog purin (azatioprin, 6-merkaptopurin)
- antibiotik (metronidazol, siprofloksasin)
55 GI/PSPD/UNTAN 10/31/2019
Obat saluran cerna…..
(9) Digestan
- pankreatin
- pepsin
- papain
- asam ursodeoksikolat (ursodiol)
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Asam empedu
Fisiologi:
Menginduksi aliran empedu
Menghambat sintesis kolesterol scr umpan balik
Mengeliminasi kolesterol (asam empedu mrpkn produk
kolesterol larut air)
Memfasilitasi dispersi dan absorpsi lipid dan vitamin larut
lemak
Indikasi:
Th/ kolelitiasis (tu batu empedu kolesterol, uk. <5-10 mm)
preventif kolelitiasis pd pasien obesitas
sirosis biliaris primer
Bentuk sediaan :
uncoated (non-enteric coated): dirusak oleh as. lambung
enteric-coated: m’cegah kerusakan obat oleh as. lambung
(lipase diinaktifkan oleh asam)
Tabel. Perbandingan Preparat Enzim Pankreas
Uncoated dan Enteric-coated
Uncoated Enteric-coated