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This document discusses the role of vitamins as immunomodulators. It explains that vitamins are essential nutrients that are required in limited amounts and have diverse biochemical functions. Certain vitamins like vitamin D have hormone-like functions, while vitamins E and C function as antioxidants. The document then discusses how the immune system responds to pathogens and how nutritional status impacts this response. It explains that meeting the substrate needs of immune cells, depriving pathogens of nutrients, and the direct regulatory effects of nutrients on immune cells are some of the key mechanisms by which diet influences immunity. The roles of specific micronutrients like vitamins A, D, E and C are then discussed in detail regarding their impact on the immune response and function.
This document discusses the role of vitamins as immunomodulators. It explains that vitamins are essential nutrients that are required in limited amounts and have diverse biochemical functions. Certain vitamins like vitamin D have hormone-like functions, while vitamins E and C function as antioxidants. The document then discusses how the immune system responds to pathogens and how nutritional status impacts this response. It explains that meeting the substrate needs of immune cells, depriving pathogens of nutrients, and the direct regulatory effects of nutrients on immune cells are some of the key mechanisms by which diet influences immunity. The roles of specific micronutrients like vitamins A, D, E and C are then discussed in detail regarding their impact on the immune response and function.
This document discusses the role of vitamins as immunomodulators. It explains that vitamins are essential nutrients that are required in limited amounts and have diverse biochemical functions. Certain vitamins like vitamin D have hormone-like functions, while vitamins E and C function as antioxidants. The document then discusses how the immune system responds to pathogens and how nutritional status impacts this response. It explains that meeting the substrate needs of immune cells, depriving pathogens of nutrients, and the direct regulatory effects of nutrients on immune cells are some of the key mechanisms by which diet influences immunity. The roles of specific micronutrients like vitamins A, D, E and C are then discussed in detail regarding their impact on the immune response and function.
DR. RAJESH NEHRA PREETHI.S DEPT OF ANIMAL NUTRITION, M.V.Sc 1st Yr, CVAS BIKANER, DEPT OF LIVESTOCK RAJUVAS. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT, CVAS BIKANER. VITAMIN • A vitamin is a substance that makes you ill if you don’t eat it.” (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1937).
• VITAMIN : An organic compound, vital nutrient,
required in limited amounts.
• Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at
present. • Vitamins are classified according to their biological and chemical activity. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions.
• Vitamin D, have hormone-like functions as
regulators of mineral metabolism.
• Vitamin E, C function as antioxidant.
• The largest number of vitamins B complex function
as enzyme cofactors. IMMUNITY • Immunity refers to reactions by an animal’s body to foreign substances such as microbes and various macromolecules, independent of a physiological or pathological result of the reaction (Abbas et al. 1991).
• In response to invasion of pathogens, the immune system
first executes innate and then acquire host defense systems of high diversity.
• Nutritional status of host critically determines outcome of
the war against invading pathogens. Mechanisms by which diet influences immunity • Diets influence immunity through several mechanisms. These include meeting the substrate needs of immune system cells, • Deprivation of nutrients from pathogen, • Through direct regulatory effects on cells of immune system, through changing the balance of hormones that regulate immunity, • Through reduction of collateral damage induced by an immune response, and physical and chemical immunomodulatory action of non-nutrient components of feeds. Meeting substrate needs of immune system cells. • Although immune system is relatively small, it is a vital system and its requirements must be met.
• Substrates (energy, amino acids and all nutrients) are necessary for the anabolic activity of immune system’s cells (leukocytes), such as proliferation and antibody production.
• In young animals, a severe deficiency of any nutrient impairs
immunocompetence (Cook 1991).
• When leukocytes become activated, they express high levels of
nutrient transporters, which allow them to easily obtain necessary nutrients even when they are at low concentrations. • The immune system can also mobilize nutrients from muscle and other tissues.
• When leukocytes become stimulated by pathogens, they release a
series of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 that go throughout the body and redistribute nutrients, especially those from skeletal muscle. IMPORTANT NUTRIENT IN IMMUNE FUNCTION. IMMUNITY.. WHEN & WHY..?? • The immune system accounts for a relatively minor portion of total nutritional requirements in the normal healthy animal but activation of the immune system in response to an immune challenge has a major impact on nutritional status and requirements for most nutrients.
• Nutrient deficiencies increase susceptibility to most infectious
diseases, including bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. Once disease has developed, nutritional deficiencies increase the severity of the disease and increase the probability of secondary infections. • Deficiencies of vitamins or trace minerals significantly depress immune function and resistance to stress even when animals are otherwise well fed with sufficient energy and protein.
• Stress increases requirements of many nutrients essential
for immune function and leads to multiple short term nutrient deficiencies.
• Some nutrients such as vitamin E can be fed at levels above
normal requirements to stimulate immunity of immunosuppressed animals. • Stressed cattle are often deficient in energy, amino acids, vitamin A, B-vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and copper.
• Antioxidant requirements are markedly increased by both
stress and disease, because both result in accelerated productive of highly reactive oxygen by products, peroxides, and free radicals.
• Antioxidants such as vitamin E and vitamin C are quickly
depleted in stressed animals, particularly in the white blood cells where they are critically important for immune function. Role of micronutrients in Immune response. • The group of antioxidant vitamins (carotenoids, vitamin E and vitamin C) has recently received a great deal of attention because of their action on immunity and disease etiology.
• It is well established now that antioxidants improve immunity
following stress.
• Free radicals are generated during metabolism, immune
response, synthesis of corticosteroid, auto-oxidation of unsaturated organic molecules (e.g. polyunsaturated fatty acid esters), radiation, or from activities of some oxidases, dehydrogenases, and peroxidases. • Tissue defence mechanisms against free-radical damage generally includes vitamin C, vitamin E, and ß-carotene as the major antioxidant sources.
• In addition, several metallo-enzymes which include glutathione
peroxidase (selenium), catalase (iron), and superoxide dismutase (copper, zinc, and manganese) are also critical in protecting the internal cellular constituents from oxidative damage.
• Vitamin E acts as antioxidant by quenching free radicals generated
during metabolism.
• α-Tocopherol was proposed to be the most important lipid-soluble
radical scavenging chain breaking antioxidant in membranes and plasma. • It functions by trapping peroxyl free radicals, especially at ambient oxygen tension (Burton and Ingold 1984). Vitamin E may guard against peroxidation of arachidonic acid (Lawrence et al. 1985).
• Studies showed that supplementation of vitamin E
effectively increased antigen specific antibody responses in various species of animals.
• Supplementation of chick diets with vitamin E resulted in
higher concentration of serum interferon.
• Vitamin E administration to calves enhanced immune
response and weight gain, • Vitamin C or L ascorbic acid is the most important antioxidant in extracellular fluids (Stocker and Frei 1991) and can protect bio-membranes against lipid peroxidation damage by eliminating peroxyl radicals. (Frei et al. 1989)
• Ascorbic acid is reported to have a stimulating effect on
phagocytic activity of leukocytes on function of the reticulo-endothelial system, and on formation of antibodies.
• Vitamin C can stimulate the production of interferons, the
proteins that protect cells against viral attack (Siegel 1974). VITAMIN D • Vitamin D3 ,the most physiologically relevant form of vitamin D, is synthesized in the skin from 7- dehydrocholesterol.
• A process which depends on sunlight, specifically
ultraviolet B radiation (wavelengths of 270–300 nm).
• It is then converted in the liver to 25-
dihydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), which is the main circulating form of D3 • Finally, 25(OH)VD3 is metabolized in the kidneys to 1,25(OH)2VD3, the most physiologically active VD3 metabolite • In addition to being processed in the liver and the kidneys, VD3 can also be metabolized by cells of the immune system.
• Cells of the immune system, including macrophages, dendritic cells
(DCs), T and B cells express the enzyme, and hydroxylate into 1,25(OH)2VD3.
• 1,25(OH)2VD3 acts on immune cells in an autocrine or paracrine
manner by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR)
• Finally, the enzyme 24-hydroxylase, which is most abundant in the
kidney and intestine, catabolizes 1,25(OH)2VD3 to its inactive metabolite, calcitroic acid, which is then excreted in the bile. VITAMIN A • Vitamin A is obtained from the diet either as all-trans-retinol, retinyl esters or β-carotene.
• All-trans-retinol is esterified to retinyl esters and stored in the
liver, mostly in the stellate cells.
• In the tissues, all-trans-retinol and β-carotene are oxidized
to all-trans-retinal by alcohol dehydrogenases or short chain dehydrogenase reductases, which are ubiquitously expressed enzymes.
• All-trans-retinal is then oxidized to all-trans-retinoic acid
through an irreversible reaction catalysed by retinal dehydrogenases (RALDHs), • Vitamin A metabolites can also affect some aspects of the adaptive immune response. Retinoic acid enhances cytotoxicity and T-cell proliferation.
• Retinoic acid can inhibit B-cell proliferation, In addition,
retinoic acid inhibits B-cell apoptosis. These effects are mediated through binding of vitamin A metabolites to RAR receptors.
• A distinct set of vitamin A metabolites classified as retro-
retinoids can also affect general lymphocyte functions such as B-cell proliferation and T-cell activation and proliferation. THANK YOU