Teknologi Beton

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 History of Concrete Technology

- Roman Empire – Colosseum and other structures made

with a type of cement made from slaked lime (kapur
mati) and pozzolona (volcanic ash from Mt. Vesuvius)
First Hydraulic Cement.
- 1756 John Smeaton – discovers that cement made from
limestone with a substantial volume of clay hardens
under water.
- 1824 Joseph Aspdin – invents Portland Cement

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 The Colosseum, Rome AD82
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Unreinforced Concrete

 Same as masonry: it must act in compression (no

resistance to tension)

- Roman Pantheon, 126 AD

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Concrete Construction

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Hoover Dam
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Teknologi Beton
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
 I. Bahan Pembentuk Beton
• Aggregat (gradasi butiran)
• Air
• Portland Cement
• Additives dan Admixtures

Superplasticizer
Dilindungi dari
Silica Fume
pengaruh lingkungan:
Sulfat, Alkali dll Air

Kerikil

Material Pembentuk Beton Pasir

Semen

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 What is concrete?

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Jenis-jenis Semen:
1. Semen Portland, CEM I
2. Semen Komposit Portland, CEM II
3. Semen bakar dengan kadar abu tinggi (Blast Furnace
Cement), CEM III
4. Semen Puzzolan, CEM IV
5. Semen Komposit, CEM V

Semen Portland adalah semen hidrolik yang dihasilkan

dengan menggiling klinker, yang dibuat umumnya dari
bahan kalsium-silikat-hidrat; CaCO3 (batu kapur); SiO2
(silikat), Al2O3 (alumina), Fe2O3 (oksida besi) yang meliputi
90% dan Gypsum (CaSO4.H2O) yang meliputi 10%

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Dalam proses pembakaran klinker, oksida-oksida silika,
alumina, dan besi akan bereaksi dengan kalsium-oksida
menghasilkan empat unsur utama semen Portland:
• 3CaO.SiO2 disingkat C3S (alite), kadar rata-rata 50%
• 2CaO.SiO2 disingkat C2S (belite), kadar rata-rata 25%
• 3CaO.Al2O3 disingkat C3A, kadar rata-rata 12%
• 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 disingkat C4AF, kadar rata-rata 8%
Plus Kalsium Sulfat Dihidrat (Gypsum), kadar rata-rata 3,5%
Disamping komponen utama diatas, terdapat komponen
minor dengan komposisi 0,2 – 2 % yaitu: MgO, SO3, K2O, TiO2,
Na2O, P2O5, SrO, F dan Mn2O3.
Selain itu juga ada oksida dengan persentase 0,5 – 200 ppm,
yaitu: ZnO, Cr2O3, Rb2O, Cs2O, V2O5, Cl, As2O3, CuO, PbO,
CdO, BaO dan Tl2O
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Sifat Masing-masing Komposisi Utama Semen
Bahan Kecepatan Panas Hidrasi Andil Terhadap Susut
Hidrasi (Joule/Gr) Kekuatan

C3S Cepat 503 - tinggi > > dalam 28 hari Sedang

C2S Lambat 260 - rendah > Setelah 28 hari Sedang

C3A Sangat cepat 867 – sangat tinggi > Dalam 1 hari Besar

C4AF Cepat 419 - sedang sedikit Kecil

Jenis-jenis Semen Portland

• Tipe I – Semen Portland Normal: digunakan untuk
pekerjaan struktur beton umum, seperti gedung, jembatan
dan bangunan sipil lainnya yang tidak membutuhkan
kewaspadaan tinggi terhadap aspek-aspek khusus seperti
panas hidrasi, pengaruh sulfat pada lingkungan yang
korosif.
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
• Tipe II – Semen Portland Moderat, tahan sulfat, panas hidrasi
rendah. Digunakan pada bangunan yang mempunyai massa
yang besar pada kondisi air tanah yang korosif.

• Tipe III – Semen Portland Untuk Kekuatan Awal yang Tinggi.

Digunakan untuk konstruksi yang membutuhkan pengerasan
beton yang cepat dan kekuatan awal yang tinggi. Mempunyai
panas hidrasi tinggi.
• Tipe IV – Semen Portland dengan Panas Hidrasi Rendah.
Digunakan pada bangunan yang mempunyai massa yang
sangat besar namun tidak menuntut kekuatan yang tinggi
• Tipe V – Semen Portland Tahan Sulfat. Digunakan pada
bangunan sipil untuk lingkungan korosif seperti dermaga,
anjungan beton lepas pantai yang membutuhkan ketahanan
terhadap korosi sulfat.
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 ASTM Portland Cement Types
Type Characteristics and Use

TYPE I, IA, STANDARD General Purpose, Most residential

applications
TYPE II, IIA, MODIFIED Reduced heat of hydration,
increased sulfate resistance

TYPE III, IIIA HIGH EARLY High strengths in one to three days
STRENGTH

TYPE IV, LOW HEAT Heat during hydration kept to a

minimum; intended for large
masses, e.g., dams
TYPE V, SULFATE RESISTANT Especially good for marine
structures and soils with high alkali

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Type III - High Early Strength Type IV - Low Heat of Hydration

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Type I - Normal Type I - Normal
 Jenis Semen Portland dengan Sifat-sifatnya

Kadar Senyawa (%)

Kehalusan Kuat 1 Panas
Tipe Sifat
Blaine hari hidrasi
Semen Pemakaian
(m2/kg) (MPa) (J/g)
C3S C2S C3A C4AF

I Umum 50 24 11 8 350 100 330

II Modifikasi 42 33 5 13 350 90 250

Kekuatan
III 60 13 9 8 450 200 500
awal tinggi
Panas hidrasi
IV 25 50 5 12 300 45 210
rendah

V Tahan sulfat 40 40 9 9 350 90 250

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Unsur pendukung kekuatan beton:
• Kekuatan Pasta Semen
• Kualitas Aggregate
• Daya Lekat Antara Pasta Semen dan Aggregate

Simulasi komputer untuk pasta semen dengan FAS 0,30 dan a = 0,75
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Agregat menempati 70-75% dari total volume beton. Kualitas
agregat sangat mempengaruhi kualitas beton, baik beton segar
maupun beton yang sudah mengeras.
Sifat fisik agregat yang mempengaruhi kekuatan beton:
• jenis agregat (kekerasan, kepadatan, ketahanan abrasi)
• bentuk butiran (bulat, bersudut/irregular, angular, pipih,
memanjang, pipih memanjang). Baik: bulat, bersudut dan
angular (batu pecah). Tidak baik: pipih, memanjang, pipih
memanjang.
• tekstur permukaan butiran (mengkilat, rata, granular, kasar, sarang
tawon (honey comb)
• gradasi ukuran butiran
• ukuran butir maksimum
• berat jenis dan berat volume agregat
• absorpsi dan kadar air (oven dry, air dry, saturated surface dry,
lembab)
• koefisien muai dan panas jenis agregat
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Substansi Perusak pada Agregat:
1. Kelompok fisik: mengganggu secara mekanis (debu,
lumpur, kotoran)
2. Kelompok kimiawi: mengganggu proses hidrasi dan
durabilitas beton (bahan organik, garam dan alkali). Proses
kerjanya melalui penguraian kembali/dekomposisi hasil
hidrasi, atau bereaksi menghasilkan produk yang
mengembang.
Kualitas yang Diharapkan:
1. Kekuatan
2. Bentuk dan Tekstur Permukaan Butir
3. Absorbsi dan Kadar Air
4. Gradasi
Dengan agregat yang baik beton akan workable, kuat, awet
(durable) dan ekonomis
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Bahan Kimia Pembantu:
Additives: mineral yang bersifat cementitious seperti silica
fume, abu terbang, nanosilika, metakaolin. Ditambahkan
pada semen sebagai bahan utama beton.
Admixtures: bahan tambahan campuran beton yang bersifat
cair. Biasanya dicampurkan bersama air. Seperti: Superplasti-
cizer, accelerator, retarder, air entraining agents (pembentuk pori-
pori udara)
Fungsi Additives: mempengaruhi sifat-sifat beton plastis dan
beton keras
• memperbaiki sistem pori matrix melalui filling effect
• membentuk CSH-Phase extra melalui reaksi puzzolanis
dengan CH dari proses hydratasi primer
• memperbaiki interface melalui pengurangan volume pori
dan pembentukan CSH-Phase extra.
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 “Fly Ash” in Concrete

 Fly ash is a byproduct of coal burning: 600

million tons are produced per year and over 80%
goes to the landfill
 Up to 50% of cement (by volume) can be replaced
with fly ash (15-35% is typical)
 Today only about 10% of available fly ashis used
in concrete

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Why use fly ash in concrete?

 Reduce environmental impact

 Improve workability (better finish)
 Increase corrosion resistance
 Improve long term concrete strength

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Fungsi Superplasticizer:
• Mencegah agglomerasi partikel semen dan partikel-partikel
halus lain
• Mengurangi tegangan permukaan molekul air, sehingga
mudah berinteraksi dengan semen dan aggregate
• Membangkitkan gaya tumbukan elektrostatis antara
partikel-partikel dalam mixture
• Membentuk lapisan film antara partikel-partikel
• Mengurangi hydratasi permukaan yang cepat dari partikel
semen
• Mengubah morphologi dari produk hydratasi

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
Chemical admixtures
- Accelerating admixtures: Compounds added to cement to decrease its
setting time and to improve the early strength developments - Used in cold-
weather concreting - A 25% of strength gain observed at the end of three days -
CaCl2 (less than 2% by weight of cement); Not recommended for cold weather
concreting; Triethanolamine; Sodium thiocyanate; Acetyl alcohol; Esters of
carbonic and boric acids; Silicones - Problems: Increased heat of hydration, also
leads to corrosion of steel
- Retarding admixtures: Added to concrete to increase its setting times - Used
in hot weather applications - Sodium/calcium triethanolamine salts of
hydrogenated adipic or gluconic acid - Problem: early strength of concrete
reduced
- Water-reducing admixtures and super plasticizers: used to reduce the
amount of water used in concrete mixes - High range water reducers reduce the
water required for mixing by 12% or greater - Added to improve the
consistency/workability of concrete and increase the strength - Water reducers:
Lignosulphates, hydroxylated carboxylic acids, carbohydrates -
Superplasticizers: Suphonated melamine/naphtalene formaldehyde condensates
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

- Air-entraining admixtures: Allows dispersal of microscopic air

bubbles (diameters ranging from 20 to 2000 μm) throughout the
concrete - Decreases the freeze-thaw degradation
- Foaming agents: Vinsol resin; Sulphonated lignin compounds;
Petroleum acid compounds; Alkyd benzene compounds
Mineral Admixtures:
- Used in concrete to replace part of cement or sand - When used to
replace sand called as supplementary cementing materials - Added
in large quantities compared to chemical admixtures.
- Pozzolans: Raw and calcined natural materials such as cherts,
shale, tuff and pumice - Siliceous or siliceous and aluminous
materials which by themselves possess no cementing property, but
in fine pulverized form and in the presence of water can react with
lime in cement to form concrete

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

- Fly ash: By-product of coal from electrical power

plants - Finer than cement - Consists of complex
compounds of silica, ferric oxide and alumina -
Increases the strength of concrete and decreases the
heat of hydration - Reduces alkali aggregate reaction.
- Silica fume: By-product of electric arc furnaces - Size
less than 0.1μm - Consists of non-crystalline silica -
Increases the compressive strength by 40-60%

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Proses Hydratasi Beton Mutu Tinggi

Interface tanpa silica fume.

Porositas tinggi dgn sedikit
Air + Silica fume
CSH

Aggregat Partikel semen

Hydratasi
Semen + Air CSH + Ca(OH)2
Reaksi sekunder
Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 + H2O CSH
peningkatan kekuatan extra

Proses Hydrasi Beton dengan Mikrosilica

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Klasifikasi Admixtures berdasarkan ASTM C-494:
• Tipe A: Water Reducer atau Plasticizer
• Tipe B: Retarder
• Tipe C: Accelerator
• Tipe D: Water Reducer – Retarder
• Tipe E: Water Reducer – Accelerator
• Tipe F: High Range Water Reducer atau Superplastizicizer
• Tipe G: High Range Water Reducer - Retarder
Selain itu ada jenis-jenis admixtures lain seperti:
• Mineral admixtures (additives)
• Air entraining admixtures
• Waterproofing admixture
• Bonding agent
• Gas forming (expanding) agent
• Coloring additive (pigment)
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
II. Jenis-jenis Beton
• Berdasarkan kelas kuat (Normal-Strength Concrete,
Medium-Strength Concrete, High-Strength Concrete dan
Ultra High-Strength Concrete
• Berdasarkan berat volume (Light-Weight Concrete,
Normal-Weight Concrete dan Heavy-Weight Concrete)

III. Mix Design

Macam-macam Metode Mix Design:
1. berdasarkan slump rencana, diameter aggregate maximum
dan kuat tekan rencana
2. berdasarkan berat volume

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Development of Concrete Strength Since 1950
C o nc r e t e C o mp r e ssi ve St r e n g t h ( M Pa )

160

1990
140
High Performance Concrete
120

100
1970
80 Normal Strength Concrete

60
1950
Normal Strength Concrete
40

20

0
0, 20 0, 90 1, 00
0, 30 0, 40 0, 50 0, 60 0, 70 0, 80
W a t e r /C e me nt Ra t i o

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Development of the Concrete Strength
Basic principles
250 (UHSC)
UHPC  Enhance the homogenity by
Compressive Strength [MPa]

200 elimination of coarse aggregate

(<1mm)

150 High Performance Concrete  Improve matrix properties by:

B 55 bis B 115
- Reducing water to binder ratio
100 Normal Strength Concrete - Addition of pozzolanic admixture,
B 25 bis B 55 i.e. silica fume (sf/c=25-30%)
Normal Strength Concrete
50 B 5 bis B 35
- Reducing defect by application of
pressure before and during
setting
0
1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 - Modifying the matrix micro
structure by post-set heat
Water-Cement-Ratio
treatment (60-400°C)

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

Properties of Aggregates, Water and Admixtures

- Aggregates make up up 59-75% of concrete volume; paste constitutes 25-
40% of concrete volume. Volume of cement occupies 25-45% of the paste and
water makes up to 55-75%. It also contains air, which varies from 2-8% by
volume
- Strength of concrete is dependent on the strength of aggregate particles and
the strength of hardened paste
Properties of Aggregates
Compressive strength: Should be higher than concrete strength of 40-120 MPa
Voids: Represent the amount of air space between the aggregate particles -
Course aggregates contain 30-50% of voids and fine aggregate 35-40%
Moisture content represents the amount of water in aggregates: absorbed and
surface moisture - Course aggregates contain very little absorbed water while
fine aggregates contain 3-5% of absorbed water and 4-5% surface moisture

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
IV. Pembuatan Beton
• Teknik Pencampuran (concrete mixer, concrete mixing plant)
• Teknik Pengecoran
• Teknik Pemadatan
• Teknik Perawatan (Curing) Beton Normal
• Teknik Perawatan (Curing) untuk memperoleh kekuatan
yang sangat tinggi (steam curing, dll)
• Reinforced concrete (penempatan, penyambungan dan
penyaluran tulangan; detail penulangan dan jarak antar
tulangan; pencegahan korosi tulangan)
• Quality Control

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Placement Today - Direct From
the Transit Mixer, or
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Improperly consolidated Concrete
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Top of Slab being protected during cold weather

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Sample collected Slump Cone Filled

Cone Removed and Concrete

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Teknologi Beton
Allowed to ‘Slump’
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Slump Measured
 Sistem Pengecoran Khusus
1. Beton Siap Pakai (Ready Mix). Pengecoran dilakukan di
pabrik kemudian ditransportasikan ke lokasi dengan truck
mixer.
2. Beton Pompa (Pumped Concrete). Sama seperti ready mix
dengan keuntungan campuran beton dapat dipindahkan
baik secara horizontal maupun vertikal sekaligus.
3. Shotcrete. Beton segar secara pneumatis disemprotkan
dengan kecepatan tinggi pada permukaan yang akan dicor
dengan tekanan yang tetap. Gaya tersebut akan memadatkan
material sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat menahan berat
sendiri tanpa jatuh. Shotcrete banyak dipakai pada
sambungan, perbaikan, lapisan pelindung, shell.
4. Pengecoran dalam air. Slump lebih dari 125 mm, kadar
semen lebih dari 350 kg/m3.
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Transit Mix Truck (Ready-
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Mix Truck)
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Quality control:
• Perencanaan konstruksi: terciptanya design konstruksi yang
aman dan modern dengan mengakomodir semua aspek
kebutuhan fungsi bangunan (konstruksi), keinginan client dan
keindahan arsitektural
• Pelaksanaan konstruksi: dicapai dengan pengukuran, testing,
pemeriksaan agar mutu material yg dihasilkan sesuai dengan
spesifikasi teknis serta pengawasan terhadap kualitas struktur
yg dihasilkan

Tahapan Quality Control:

• Penerimaan material
• Selama proses fabrikasi
• Saat selesai pekerjaan

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Quality control membutuhkan
biaya, tapi tidak seberapa bila
dibandingkan dengan
kerugian materi dan moril.
Apabila kualitas struktur
sangat rendah, pada akhirnya
dapat meyebabkan kegagalan
struktur (collapse).
Pembongkaran konstruksi beton harus dihindari karena:
•Mengganggu kekuatan konstruksi secara keseluruhan
•Membutuhkan biaya tambahan yg harus ditanggung oleh
kontraktor
•Mengganggu jadwal pelaksanaan pekerjaan
•Mempengaruhi kondite perusahaan
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Quality Control Saat Pelaksanaan Konstruksi
Hal-hal yg perlu diperhatikan adalah:
1. Tidak ada kesalahan ukuran dari cetakan, pemasangannya harus tegak
lurus, penempatan elemen-elemen struktur benar-benar sesuai
2. Pemeriksaan baja tulangan (ukuran, penempatan)
• Panjang penyaluran
• Sambungan tulangan balok dan kolom
• Sambungan tulangan plat lantai dan balok
• Jarak antara tulangan atas dan bawah, terutama pada plat lantai
• Beton deking
3. Selama pelaksanaan pengecoran
• Perencanaan campuran (mix design)
• Pemeriksaan slump
• Pengawasan mutu beton dengan sampel berbentuk silinder 15x30 cm,
kubus 20x20 cm atau 15x15 cm.
a) Jumlah sampel: 1 buah tiap 10 m3 coran (Beton Klas I); 1 buah tiap 20
m3 coran (Beton Klas II); 1 buah tiap 50 m3 coran (Beton Klas III)
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 b) Faktor konversi:
f‘ck (kubus 150 mm) = 0,97 f‘ck (kubus 100 mm)
f‘ck (kubus 200 mm) = 0,95 f‘ck (kubus 150 mm)
f‘ck (kubus 200 mm) = 0,90 f‘ck (kubus 100 mm)
f‘ck (kubus 200 mm) = 1,18 f‘ck (silinder 150/300 mm)

Benda uji kubus 15 x 15 cm

Benda uji silinder 15/30 cm
• Jarak jatuh mortar ≤ 1,5 m agar aggregat tidak terpisah
• bila pengecoran dilakukan dibawah air harus menggunakan pipa,
tidak boleh dilakukan pengecoran kering
• dilakukan pemadatan (dengan vibrator)
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 • Retak-retak rambut yang timbul harus disiram dengan air semen
• Selama proses pengerasan, beton harus dirawat terus menerus

Quality control saat selesai pekerjaan

1. Posisi dan ukuran elemen struktur harus sesuai dengan rencana
2. Bila permukaan beton keropos atau ada tulangan yg terlihat harus
segera ditanggulangi
3. Bila mutu beton meragukan dapat dapat dilakukan test langsung di
lapangan

Contoh konversi kuat tekan beton berdasarkan umur (K 350, Kubus 200 x 200 mm)

f‘ck (3 hari) ≈ 0,40 f‘ck (28 hari)

f‘ck (7 hari) ≈ 0,65 f‘ck (28 hari)
f‘ck (14 hari) ≈ 0,82 f‘ck (28 hari)
f‘ck = f‘cr – 8 N/mm2

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 ASTM C-39 Standard Test Method Compressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

Procedure
8.1 If the specimen length to diameter ratio is less than 1.8, correct the
result obtained in 8.1 by multiplying by the appropriate correction
factor in the following table:

L/D 1.75 1.5 1.25 1.00

Factor: 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.87

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Effect of Length / Diameter Ratio on Core Strength
1.1

CORRECTION FACTOR

0.9

ASTM
BS 1881
0.8
CONC. SOC.

0.7
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

LENGTH / DIAMETER

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 V. Terminology
• Workability
• Durability
• Compactibility
• Flowability
• Setting time
• Proses hydrasi
• Beton Muda
• Beton yang telah mengeras

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Workability/kelecakan: kemudahan pengerjaan beton, dimana
placing, compacting tidak menyebabkan timbulnya efek negatif
berupa segregasi dan pendarahan (bleeding)
3 hal yang berhubungan dengan workability:
1. Kompaktibilitas: kemudahan mengeluarkan udara dan
pemadatan
2. Mobilitas: kemudahan mengisi acuan dan membungkus tulangan
3. Stabilitas: kemampuan untuk tetap menjadi massa homogen tanpa
pemisahan
Apabila ke-3 hal ini BAIK maka WORKABILITAS juga BAIK!!

Istilah lain:
• Konsistensi: derajad kebasahan dari campuran atau kemampuan
untuk mengalir
• Plastisitas: kemampuan untuk dibentuk tanpa kehilangan
kontinuitas, dan mampu mempertahankan bentuk.
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Setting time: waktu pengikatan dan pengerasan pasta semen,
dari campuran yang dapat mengalir bebas menjadi material
yang sudah kehilangan kemampuan berubah bentuk yang tak
terbatas. Terdiri atas waktu pengikatan awal (initial set) dan
waktu pengikatan akhir (final set).

Initial set menyebabkan pasta semen menjadi kaku dan sukar

dikerjakan, tetapi mortar masih belum mempunyai kekuatan.
Waktu pengikatan awal minimum adalah 45 menit.

Proses pengerasan berlanjut hingga pasta semen akan

meningkat kekakuannya dan mempunyai kekuatan dan
modulus elastisitas tertentu (final set). Waktu pengikatan
akhir ini adalah 2 – 12 jam.

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

Setting, Hydration and Hardening

- When cement is mixed with sufficient water, it loses its plasticity
and slowly forms into a hard rock-type material; this whole process
is called setting.
- Initial set: Initially the paste loses its fluidity and within a few hours
a noticeable hardening occurs - Measured by Vicat’s apparatus
- Final set: Further to building up of hydration products is the
commencement of hardening process that is responsible for
strength of concrete - Measured by Vicat’s apparatus
- Gypsum retards the setting process
- Hot water used in mixing will accelerate the setting process
- During hydration process the following actions occur:

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

2(3CaO.SiO2) + 6H2O = 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + 3Ca(OH)2

(Tricalcium silicate) (Tobermerite gel)
2(2CaO.SiO2) + 4H2O = 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O+Ca(OH)2
(Dicalcium silicate) (Tobermerite gel)
3CaO.Al2O3 + 12H2O + Ca(OH)2 = 3CaO. Al2O3. Ca(OH)2.12H2O
(Tricalcium aluminate) (Tetra-calcium aluminate hydrate)
4CaO.Al2O3..Fe2O3 + 10H2O + 2Ca(OH)2 = 6CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3.12H2O
(Tetra-calcium alumino-ferrite) (Calcium alumino-ferrite hydrate)
3CaO.Al2O3+10H2O+ CaSO4.2H2O = 3CaO.Al2O3.CaSO4.12H2O
(Tricalcium aluminate) (Calcium sulphoaluminate hydrate)
- C3S hardens rapidly: responsible for early strength
- C2S hardens slowly and responsible for strength gain beyond one week
- Heat of hydration: Hydration is always accompanied by release of heat
- C3A liberates the most heat - C2S liberates the least

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 VI. Durabilitas Beton
Beton harus mampu menghadapi segala kondisi dimana dia
direncanakan, tanpa mengalami kerusakan (deteriorate) selama
jangka waktu layannya (service ability). Beton yang demikian
disebut mempunyai ketahanan yang tinggi (durable).
Berkurangnya durabilitas beton dapat disebabkan oleh:
1. Pengaruh fisik
2. Pengaruh kimia
3. Pengaruh mekanis.
Pengaruh fisik (physical attack): pelapukan oleh cuaca
• membeku dan mencair (freezing and thawing), terjadi pada pasta
semen dan agregat
• basah dan kering bergantian, terjadi pada pasta semen
• perubahan temperatur yang drastis, terjadi pada pasta semen
dan agregat
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Pengaruh kimia (chemical attack): penetrasi larutan/unsur kimia
kedalam beton
• serangan sulfat, terjadi pada pasta semen
• reaksi alkali-aggregat, terjadi pada aggregat
• serangan asam dan alkalis, terjadi pada pasta semen
• korosi baja tulangan, terjadi pada tulangan
Pengaruh mekanis:
• perubahan volume akibat perbedaan sifat thermal dari agregat
terhadap pasta semen, terjadi pada pasta semen dan agregat
• abrasi (pengikisan), terjadi pada pasta semen dan agregat
• aksi elektrolisis, terjadi pada pasta semen
Sifat beton yang paling penting agar memiliki ketahanan yang
Tinggi dari pengaruh di atas adalah permeabilitas beton, yang
terdiri atas:
• Permeabilitas terhadap udara
• Permeabilitas terhadap zat cair
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Beton dengan Durabilitas Tinggi:
1. Kepadatan struktur tinggi
2. Porositas rendah
3. Permeabilitas rendah
4. Tahan terhadap pengaruh lingkungan (pembekuan,
serangan sulfat dan alkali, korosi)
5. Masa layan struktur panjang

Dapat dicapai dengan:

• Beton mutu tinggi (high-strength concrete)
• Beton mutu ultra tinggi (ultra high-strength concrete)
• Beton tanpa pemadatan (self-compacting concrete)

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Chloride Water Oxygen
O2 H2O
Fe2O3H2O
Secondary (Rust)
Reaction
Corrosion Reaction
2Fe(OH)2 H2O O2
4(OH)-
Anodic Current Cathodic
Reaction Reaction
Electrolyte
2Fe++ 4e-

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
-
4e Electron Transfer Teknologi Beton
 Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Reinforced Concrete Corrosion

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 A = Aggregate; 3 = C-S-H padat; P = CH

Matrix

Riß

Zuschlag

Distribusi Ukuran Pori:

Beton Normal 0,17 mm (Atas);
Struktur pori HSC: padat
Beton Mutu Tinggi 0,08 mm (Bawah)
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 HSC

96 MPa

NSC

36 MPa
Mikrostruktur HSC dan NSC

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Jenis Kerusakan Elemen Struktur dan Penyebabnya
No. Kerusakan Penyebab

Kering-susut
Retak halus kelihatan (retak Hidrasi
1.
rambut)
Kelebihan beban struktur
Deformasi tak sempurna
Segregasi
2. Rongga dalam beton
Penguapan tak sempurna
Bleeding
3. Permukaan berpasir (laitance)
Kurang perawatan
4. Kerusakan setempat Beban mekanis (gempa)
5. Karat Korosi
6. Bintik-bintik coklat diretakan Pengaruh klorida
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Penyebab Retak dalam Beton akibat Interaksi dengan Lingkungan

Faktor Lingkungan
Komponen Type Penyebab Terjadinya Variabel untuk Pencegahan
Pemicu
Tidak Tentu Pengembangan Volume Kelembaban Kadar Gypsum dan Magnesia
Semen
Retak Susut Gaya akibat Temperatur Temperatur Panas hidrasi, tingkat pendinginan
Alkali dalam semen, Komposisi
Reaksi Alkali - Silika Pengembangan Volume Kelebihan Kelembaban
agregat
Aggregat
Absorpsi agregat, diameter aggregat
Retak D Tekanan hidrolis Pembekuan dan Pencairan
maksimum
Angin, Temperatur, Temperatur Beton, Perlindungan
Susut Plastis Kehilangan Kelembaban
Kelembaban Relatif Permukaan Beton
Susut Kehilangan Kelembaban Kelembaban Relatif Mix Design, Laju Pengeringan
Pasta Semen
Serangan Sulfat Pengembangan Volume Ion-ion Sulfat Mix Design, Type Semen, Admixtures

Pengembangan panas Pengembangan Volume Perubahan Temperatur Tingkat Perubahan Temperatur

Konsolidasi Beton Plastis Slump, Selimut Beton, Diameter
Beton Settlement -
Disekeliling Tulangan Tulangan
Tulangan Korosi Elektro-Kimia Pengembangan Volume Oksigen, Kelembaban Selimut Beton, Permeabilitas Beton

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Tipe Retak Pada Struktur Beton
Bentuk Retak
Besar, Tidak Beraturan, Sering dengan
Tinggi yang Berbeda
Besar, Dengan Jarak Teratur
Kasar, Retak dengan Bentuk yang Tidak
Beraturan
Halus, Retak dengan Bentuk yang Tidak
Beraturan
Retak Halus yang Paralel Terhadap Satu
Sama Lain Pada Permukaan Pelat
Retak yang Paralel Terhadap Sisi Pelat yang Kadar Kelembaban yang Berlebihan,
Bersisian dengan Sambungan (Retak D)
Retak Diatas dan Paralel Terhadap Baja
Tulangan
Retak Sepanjang Tulangan, Sering dengan
Noda Karat
Penyebab Retak
Tumpuan yang Tidak Memadai,
Kelebihan Pembebanan
Retak Susut, Retak Akibat Perbedaan
Temperatur
Reaksi Alkali - Silika
Pendarahan Berlebihan, Susut Plastis
Susut Plastis
Agregat yang Berpori
Retak Settlement
Korosi Tulangan
Tempat Terjadinya
Pelat diatas Tanah, Beton Struktural
Pelat diatas Tanah, Beton Struktural,
Beton Massa
Keluarnya Gel Pada Beton
Finishing Terlalu Cepat, Pengerukan
Berlebihan
Tegak Lurus Terhadap Arah Angin
Kerusakan dari Pelat Beton akibat
Kehancuran Agregat oleh Salju
Pelat Struktural Akibat Konsolidasi dari
Beton Plastis disekitar Tulangan dekat
Permukaan Bagian Atas
Diperburuk dengan Kehadiran Asam
Klorida

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 VII. Pengujian/Pembebanan Beton
A. Destructive Tests
• Teknik Pengujian (load control, displacement control)
• Prosedur dan peraturan (codes)
• Pengujian Material
• Jenis Pengujian (Uji Tekan, Uji Tarik, Uji Belah, Uji Lentur,
Uji Puntir/Torsi)
• Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kekuatan beton (jenis
pembebanan, kecepatan pembebanan, metode pengujian,
bentuk dan dimensi benda uji, dll)

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 KUAT TEKAN BETON DAN FAKTOR
YANG MEMPENGARUHINYA
- Karakteristik dan proporsi material
- Kondisi Perawatan
- Parameter test

Pengaruh dari Proporsi Campuran

- Aggregat
- Ukuran Agregat Maximum
- Komposisi Mineral
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Evaluasi Mutu Beton
1. Pengujian Langung (Destructive Test)
Hasil pengerjaan beton dapat diterima jika kekuatan tekannya
memenuhi dua syarat berikut (Pedoman Beton 1989, Pasal 4.7):
a) Nilai rata-rata dari hasil uji tidak kurang dari:
(f‘c + 0,8 S)
b) Tidak satupun dari benda uji yg nilainya kurang dari 0,85 f‘c

n n
 ( f ' ci  f ' c ) 2
 f ' ci
S i 1
f 'c  i 1
n 1 n
S = Standar Deviasi (kg/cm2)
f‘ci = Kuat tekan beton ke-i (kg/cm2)
f 'c = nilai rata-rata kuat tekan beton (kg/cm2)
n = jumlah benda uji

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Load Control
Beton Mutu Tinggi
900

Tegangan (kg/cm 2)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
Regangan (‰)
Uji Tekan Kubus
Hanya Dapat
Merekam Beban
Maksimum

Mesin Uji Tekan

Ton Industrie
Uji Tekan Silinder

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Displacement Control

Mesin Uji Tekan

Mesin Uji Tarik 80

Tegangan Tekan Silinder 10/30 cm

70

60

50

s [MPa]
40
Beton Mutu Tinggi
30

Benda Uji 20

Dibebani 10

Sampai Hancur
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Regangan e [‰]

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Alat Pengukuran Laboratorium
- Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
– Electronic device for measuring small deformations.
– Input voltage through the primary coil
– Output voltage is measured in the secondary coil
– Linear relationship between output voltage and displacement.

zero voltage
Secondary Primary Secondary
coil coil coil Shell attached
Core attached to point A
to point B

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 LVDT Schematic

zero voltage
Secondary Primary Secondary
coil coil coil
Negative voltage Positive voltage

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Displacement Memanjang

Gage length

LVDT

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Displacement Melintang

LVDT

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Electrical Strain Gage
- Measure small deformation within a certain gage length.
- A thin foil or wire bonded to a thin paper or plastic.
- The strain gage is bonded to the surface for which deformation
needs to be measured.
- The resistance of the foil or wire changes as the surface and the
strain gage are strained.
- The deformation is calculated as a function of resistance change.

wire

Surface

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Load Cell

- Electronic force measuring device.

- Strain gages are attached to a member within the load cell.
- An electric voltage is input and output voltage is obtained.
- The force is determined from the output voltage.

Strain gages
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Teknologi Beton
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Strain gages
 MAKING AND TESTING OF CONCRETE

Modulus of Elasticity
As per ASTM

S2 = stress at 40% of ultimate load with a strain of ε2

S1 = stress at ε1 equal to 0.00005

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 VI. Pengujian/Pembebanan Beton
B. Non-Destructive Tests

• Hammer Test
• Core Drill
• Ultrasonic Velocity Pulse (bisa untuk beton umur muda)
• Acoustic Emission Testing
• Leak Testing
• Liquid Penetrant Testing
• Infrared and Thermal Testing

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Aims of In-Situ Tests:
• Compliance Testing
(contractual dispute; verification)
• Testing for Strength
(compressive strength generally)
• Testing for Uniformity
(to note possible variation)
• Evaluation of Concrete Quality & Problems
(for durability, quality, serviceability)
• Performance and Rating
(structural safety & serviceability: load tests)
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Test Methods :

• Nondestructive
• Semi-destructive
• Destructive

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Test methods can be divided into
three categories

(a) methods for estimation of

concrete strength

(b) methods for estimation of properties

other than strength

(c) methods for physical evaluation

of structure

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Methods for Estimation of Concrete Strength

S.No. Test Equipment Type

1 Core test Mechanical

2 Surface hardness method Mechanical

3 Ultrasonic pulse velocity Electrical

4 Break-off and Pull-off Mechanical

Penetration Test
5 Mechanical
(Windsor Prob)
6 Pull-out Test Mechanical

7 Lok Test & capo Test Mechanical

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Strength Tests- a Comparative Assessment

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Methods for Determining Properties Other than
Strength

A wide range of test methods for

• composition

• quality

• durability characteristics

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
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Teknologi Beton
 What can be done:

(a) Composition:

• Cement content, CA/FA ratio,

• aggregate gradation,

• original W-C ratio, rebar location and cover.

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
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Teknologi Beton
 (b) Quality:

Aggregate type, chloride content,

sulphate content, permeability,
delamination/voids,
crack width and depth.

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
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Teknologi Beton
 (c) Durability:

Alkali-aggregate reactivity,
corrosion attack and activity,
sulphate attack, carbonation,
salt weathering.

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
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Teknologi Beton
 Methods for Physical Evaluation of
Structure :

• delamination, voids, honey-combing

• spalling
• extent of damage
• cracking
• uniformity of concrete
• structural strength/rating

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
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Teknologi Beton
 Surface Hardness Method

- Popularity known as Schmidt Hammer

- Widely used ; truly nondestructive

- Easy to use ; not reliable for fc

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Hammer Test: menggunakan Schmidt Hammer; menentukan
keseragaman dari sifat-sifat mekanis elemen struktur; mengevaluasi
hanya area lokal dan lapisan permukaan beton; tidak dapat
mendeteksi retak dalam

Schmidt Hammer
Prinsip Kerja Schmidt Hammer Test
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Procedure

• Make surface smooth, if necessary, and dry

• Use grids points over an area to avoid bias
• Hold hammer normal to the surface
• Take as many readings as possible
• Convert readings to comp. strength (calibration)
• Note correction for inclined surfaces

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Factors Affecting Readings

- Surface roughness

- Member size (small member may move)

- Moisture condition

- Direction of test

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

- Widely used
- Good reliability ; truly NDT
- Portable equipment ; easy to use

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Ultrasonic Velocity Pulse : dapat mendeteksi retak dalam dan pori
udara; dapat merekam aliran gelombang tegangan untuk analisis;
membutuhkan akses terhadap dua sisi permukaan elemen struktur yg
akan ditest

Pulse Velocity Test

Magnetic methods: dapat mengevaluasi area yg luas dari struktur;

dapat mendeteksi lokasi dan arah dari tulangan, shear connector;
serta mendeteksi ukuran tulangan

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pulse Velocity

Compressive Strength (MPa)

Compressive Strength (psi)

12
10 1,500

8
1,000
6
4
500
Semi-direct mode 2
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(1000 ft/s)
0 1 2 3 4
Pulse Velocity (1000 m/s)
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Procedure
(UVP)

• Good coupling between concrete and

transducers (no gap, void)
• Select a suitable transmitting station
• Select receiving stations
• Take readings (time for travel of pulse)
• Calculate velocity (pulse velocity)
• From calibration, find concrete strength

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Core drill: Ø 54 mm; Ø 76 mm; Ø 92 mm
Berdasarkan SK-SNI T-16-1991-03:
a) Kekuatan tekan rata-rata 3 benda uji minimal 0,85 f‘c
b) Kekuatan tekan masing-masing hasil uji minimal 0,75 f‘c

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Transducers Arrangement

1. Direct
2. Semi-direct
3. Indirect

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Type of reading (a) Direct, (b) semi-direct and (c) indirect

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Important Factors Affecting Readings

• Path
• Moisture condition
• Effect of reinforcement
• Cracks/voids in the path

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pull-out Tests

Lok Test (developed in Denmark)

Capo Test

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Lok – Test
(Preplanned tests – new structures)

• Attach the head and shaft to the formwork

• Concrete is cast
• Remove formwork at test location
• All parts except disc is removed
• A pull-rod is treaded to disc
• Pull-rod attached to testing equipment
• Pull rod pulled and the force to pull out is noted
• Calibration provided to convert into strength
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 a b

c d

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia

Lok Test procedure
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Teknologi Beton
 Capo-test

(For existing structure)

Similar concept as Lok-test, except hole

is made and disc is inserted

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi cAulia d
Teknologi Beton
 Remarks

- Capo-test has good reliability

for estimation of strength

- Equipment available (Portable)

- Needs some practice

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Other Methods

• Penetration Method

• Pull-off Tests

• Break-off Tests

(These are not widely used)

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Penetration Method

- Popularly known as ‘Windsor probe’

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Procedure

• A probe is prepared by attaching firing head

• Place the probe into the driver (gun)

• Fire the driver, holding against a steel locating plate

• Measure the depth of penetration by measuring the

exposed length

• Dept of penetration is a measure of strength

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pull-off Method
- Arrangement as shown
- Direct pull-off using epoxy is not recommended
- Partial coring recommended

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Break-off
Arrangement shown

- Modulus of rupture is estimated

- High degree of variability

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Core Tests

• Most accurate test, if performed correctly

• An essential component of in-situ investigation
• Other than strength, can be used for visual
inspection, crack depth, chemical analysis,
permeability
• Location, size and numbers

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Location

- If concrete is in suspect, use weakest area

- For compliance, avoid unrepresentative areas
- Avoid reinforcement
- Avoid critical areas

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Size

- Desirable 100 mm dia for strength;

though 70-75 mm dia widely used

- Generally size affects strength

(if small dia, less than 70 mm, use correction factor)

- L/d ratio ~ 2 ; for smaller L/d ratio, use correction factor

- Accuracy decreases as agg/core dia increases

(use at least 3 * maxm. size)

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 No. of Cores

- Depends on purpose

- For strength verification, use statistically significant numbers

- Minm. 3 to 4 cores for strength

- Compromise between cost, damage and accuracy

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Trimming, Capping and
Measurement

- Trim edges with a saw to make ends square

- Cap properly with horizontal face

- Measure length, average diameter

(cross readings at mid-height and at ¼ points)

- Calculate density

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Testing

- Test in dry or wet condition as required

(dry cores 10-15% stronger than wet cores)
- Test under a comp. machine, neither too
slow or too fast (15 N/mm2/min)
- Avoid eccentricity

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Correction Factors

- L/d ratio
- Reinforcement (not recommended)
- Small diameter cores

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 VII. Beton Lanjutan (Advanced Concrete)
• Beton Polymer
• Beton Mutu Tinggi dan Beton Mutu Ultra Tinggi
• Beton dengan penggunaan khusus (self compacting concrete,
extruded concrete, light-weight concrete, shotcrete/mass
concrete)
• Beton dengan admixture khusus (tekstil, geo textile, dll)
• Beton Serat – Fiber reinforced concrete (steel fibre,
polypropylene fibre, carbon fibre dll) >>> Toughening
mechanism
• Beton pracetak
• Beton composite
• Beton Prategang (parsial, penuh, pre tension, post tension,
external)

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Volume Material Pada Berbagai Jenis Beton

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Beton Polymer terdiri dari:
1. Polymer Concrete: Polymer sebagai bahan pengikat
(berbentuk padat)
2. Latex-modified concrete (Polymer Portland Cement Concrete).
Untuk menggantikan sebagian air campuran dengan
latex (polymer emulsion)
3. Polymer-impregnated concrete. Untuk menggantikan
sebagian semen dengan polymer (Jenis Methyl
Methacrylate, Styrene). Berfungsi untuk mengurangi
kadar pori, meningkatkan durabilitas.

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Self-Compacting Concrete:
• Konstruksi lebih cepat
• Pengurangan tenaga kerja di lapangan
• Finishing permukaan beton lebih baik
• Penempatan lebih mudah
• Memperbaiki durabilitas
• Kemudahan design (pemilihan bentuk)
• Penampang beton lebih tipis
• Mengurangi tingkat kebisingan karena tidak perlu
pemadatan
• Lingkungan kerja lebih aman

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Beton Ringan (Light-Weight Concrete): Beton dengan aggregat
ringan (Lightweight Aggregate Concrete), beton busa (Foamed
Concrete) atau beton gas (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete)
dengan berat jenis antara 300 s/d 1600 kg/m3.
Keuntungan dari konstruksi beton ringan:
• cepat dan relatif mudah dalam pengerjaannya (workability)
• dapat dikerjakan tanpa pemadatan (self-compacting dan self-
leveling)
• biaya produksi lebih rendah dibandingkan beton normal
• dapat mengisolasi panas dari luar bangunan
• mengurangi biaya transportasi dan pengangkatan karena
berkurangnya berat konstruksi
• mudah dalam pemasangan (dapat dipotong dengan tangan,
dipaku dan dibaut)
• tahan api
• dapat mengurangi jumlah perancah.
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Elemen prefabrikasi dari beton ringan

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Beton Mutu Tinggi
 Bahan bangunan dengan Sistem-5-Bahan
 Menggunakan Additives: Silica fume, Fly ash, Metakaolin
 Menggunakan Superplasticizer
 FAS rendah

Perubahan significant pada 1. Produk hydratasi dan

bagian-bagiannya
mikrostrukturnya dibandingkan
2. Struktur pori
mikrostruktur beton normal 3. Interface

1. Strength
Perubahan besar pada 2. Modulus elastisitas
sifat mekanis material 3. Tingkah laku kehancuran
4. Durability
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Keuntungan Beton Mutu Tinggi: Pengurangan Dimensi dan Tulangan

Penghematan Penampang Kolom (kiri) dan Tulangan Tekan oleh

Beton Mutu Tinggi

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 High-Strength Concrete

Sherbrooke bridge, Quebec, Canada

Burj Al Arab, Dubai

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 VIII. Teknik Retrofitting/Repair
• Perbesaran tampang
• Injection (Grouting)
• Perkuatan struktur (wire mesh, ferro cement)
• Pelapisan permukaan (coating) – CFRP, steel

IX. Sifat-Sifat Beton

A. Beton Segar (Beton Muda)
• Konsistensi/workability
• Setting Time
• Hydrasi (mekanisme, panas hydrasi)
• Blooding dan Segregasi
• Rangkak
• Susut

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 B. Beton Keras
• Mikrostruktur
• Kuat Tekan
• Kuat Tarik
• Hubungan Tegangan
dan Regangan
• Modulus of Rupture
• Modulus Elastisitas
• Durabilitas
• Daktilitas
• Mekanisme Kehancuran

Perbandingan Kurva Tegangan Regangan Dari Beton

Dengan Kuat Tekan Berbeda Beda
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 EVALUASI KEKUATAN
STRUKTUR YANG ADA
(ASSESSMENT)

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Latar Belakang
- Rumah
- Gedung Perkantoran
- Jalan
- Jembatan
- Pelabuhan

 Pertanyaan: Apakah konstruksinya masih

aman utk difungsikan
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Assesment
Tujuan:
- Mengetahui kondisi keamanan bangunan
- Menentukan tindakan yang harus diambil:
me-rehab, memperkuat, atau bangun baru
 cost-effective

Tahapan:
- Mencatat kerusakan dan penyebabnya
- Menilai tingkat kerusakan dan sisa kekuatan yg ada
- Merencanakan perbaikan, perkuatan atau
bangun baru.
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pendataan

Awal : Tahap I
1. Spesikasi
2. Gambar
3. Catatan / Laporan Pelaksanaan
4. Photo
5. Laporan Penggunaan Gedung
6. Laporan Kualiti Kontrol Bahan
7. Kejadian selama konstruksi: sumber bahan, cuaca, perubahan gambar, dll.
8. Ketersedian alat utk memonitor kondisi struktur
9. Perbaikan (jika ada) setelah selesai konstruksi
10. Photo termutakhir pada lokasi, retakan, gagal.
11. Nama Struktur Engineer

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pendataan
Tinjauan Lapangan : Tahap II
Identifikasi:
1. Lokasi distress: retak, gagal (kehancuran)
2. Bagian yang terexpose thd lingkungan: cuaca, temp., kelembaban.
3. Kondisi terakhir: pembebanan, jenis beban, dsb.
4. Dimensi bagian tertentu (elemen struktural)
5. Pengujian lapangan
6. Kekuatan sisa

Analisa Data : Tahap III

Rekomendasi:
1. Perbaikan Ringan
2. Perkuatan
3. Bangun Baru
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Contoh kerusakan:

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Penyebab:

1) Kesalahan dalam perencanaan

2) Mutu pelaksanaan tidak memenuhi syarat
3) Karatan tulangan
4) Bangunan/Sistim struktural tidak mencukupi
5) Penurunan pondasi
6) Beban berlebih

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Metode Assessment:
Awal (Cepat)
- Pengumpulan data: perencanaan, pembangunan (as built drawing),
penggunaan, dan OM.
- Visual: kondisi kerusakan
- Analisa dan evaluasi ttg keamanan dan kesesuaian dengan peraturan
(building Code) terbaru.
Detail
- Informasi: jenis tanah, bahan yg digunakan, perbaikan yg pernah
dilakukan, penggunaan bangunan, hasil uji beban.
- Verifikasi kesesuaian disain dan pelaksanaan
- Kondisi kerusakan: retak, gagal, tanah dan pondasi, dsb.
- Documentasi: photo kondisi bangunan
 Jika gambar As Built Drawing tidak ada maka pengukuran dimensi perlu dilakukan.

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pengujian

- Mutu Beton:
Drilled Cores, Pull-out, Pull-off, Break-off,
Penetration Resistant.
- Kualitas Beton:
Surface Hardness (Schmidt Rebound Hammer), Ultrasonic Pulse
Velocity, Permeability, Absorpsi, Abrasi, dll.
- Karatan Besi Tulangan:
Half cell potential, Cover depth, Carbonation depth, Chloride
concentration.

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pengujian Beton

- Pengujian Langsung:
Loading Test
- Non Destructive Test:
Drilled Cores, Smith Hammer, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity.
- Partial Destructive Test:
Pull-out, Pull-off, Break-off, Penetration Resistant

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pengujian Langsung

Loading test

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pengujian

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

Smith Hammer test

Penetration Test
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Pengujian

Pull-out test

Pull-off test

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Analisa Uji Karatan Besi Tulangan

Angka pH tinggi ( > 11.5) dan kandungan chloride rendah:

 tidak ada karatan

Angka pH tinggi dan kandungan chloride > 0.4% - 0.6% berat

semen:
 terancam terjadi karatan

Angka pH rendah dan kandungan chloride > 0.4% - 0.6%

berat semen:
 peluang berkarat tinggi

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
 Uji Besi Tulangan

 Lokasi tulangan

 Kuat Tarik

Penyebab Karatan:

- Tebal selimut beton

- Kualitas Beton  utama beton selimut
- Lingkungan
- pH dan kandungan Chloride
- Retak

Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil

Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton
Institute for Structural Engineering and Building Material Technology, Civil
Engineering Department, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Dr.-Ing. T. Budi Aulia
Teknologi Beton