History of Ortho 1

HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS
By : Dr. Ashish Kalawat

1st year PG
Dept. of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Antiquity to the mid-19th century
 Entering the modern era
 The professionalization of orthodontics
 Early 20th -century appliances
 The extraction controversy
 The advent of cephalometer
 Functional appliances to midcentury
 Golden age of orthodontics
 History of Indian orthodontics
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
EARLY HISTORY
 Archeologist have discovered Egyptian mummies with crude

metal bands wrapped around individual teeth
 It is speculated that catgut was used to close the gaps.
 Primitive appliances - Greek
Ref: Orthodontics in 3 mellennia: Chapter-1

ORTHODONTICS IN GREECE AND ROME
 Hippocrates (400BC) – earliest description of irregularities of

teeth
 Celsus, a roman writer, recorded first treatment of an irregular
teeth
 And first one to recommend early extraction of deciduous teeth.
 Pliny and Elder(AD 23-79) – first mechanical treatment

MIDDLE AGES TO THE 18TH CENTURY
 Pierre Dionis (1658-1718) – called dentists operators of teeth

 Malocclusions – irregularities
 Correction – regulating

Pierre Fauchard (1678-1767)
 Father of Orthodontia
 In 1728- The Surgeon Dentist :
A Treatise on the Teeth.

 The bandeau, an expansion arch consisting of a
horseshoe-shaped strip of precious metal to which the
teeth were ligated.
 Repositioned teeth with a forceps, called a “pelican”
Fauchard’s bandeau
Etienne Bourdet (1722-1789)
 Dentist to the king of France.

 First record of recommending serial extraction (1757) and of
extracting premolars to relieve crowding.
 He was also the first to practice “lingual orthodontics,” expanding
the arch from the lingual.

Fauchard’s bandeau refined

John Hunter (1728-1793)
 An English anatomist and

surgeon,
 The Natural History of the
Human Teeth(1771), presented
the first clear statement of
orthopedic principles
 He was the first to describe the
growth of the jaws, as a
scientific investigation.

 Descibe - Normal occlusion
 Difference between teeth and bone
 cuspidati and bicuspidati

European pioneers of early 19th century
 Joseph Fox (1776-1816) -classify malocclusion (1803)

 Mandible grows mainly by distal extension beyond the molars
 Appliance- an expansion arch and a chincup (about 1802).
 Judicious removal of deciduous teeth, treatment timing, and the
use of bite blocks to open the bite

 Joachim Lefoulon, a Frenchman, given the science a name:
orthodontosie (1841), which roughly translates into orthodontia
 Christophe-François Delabarre (1787-1862; French) introduced
the crib and the principle of the lever and the screw (1815).
 He separated crowded teeth by means of swelling threads or
wooden wedges placed between them.
 J. M. Alexis Schange (1807, French)- coined the term
anchorage.

 Friedrich Christoph
Kneisel (1797-1847,
German) - plaster
models to record
malocclusion(1836)
 He fitted his prognathic
patient with a chin strap-
first to use a removable
appliance
Removable “plate” used by Friedrich

Christoph
Ref: Orthodontics in 3 mellennia: Chapter-1 Kneisel and John Tomes.
American pioneers of the early 19th century
 In 1834, the first American dental association, the Society of

Surgeon Dentists of the City and State of New York, was
founded.
 In later decades, Americans invented vulcanite and other dental
materials.

 J. S. Gunnell invented occipital anchorage in 1822
 In 1839, the first dental journal, the American Journal of Dental
Science - Solyman Brown (1790-1876)
 Chapin A.Harris (1806-1860) - edited the journal from 1839 to
1858.

 Harris and Horace H.
Hayden (1769-1844) -
founded the first school of
dentistry at the University of
Maryland
 Use of gold caps on molars to
open the bite and knobs
soldered to a band for tooth
rotations
Chapin A. Harris
 Vulcanite by Charles Goodyear in 1839
 E. G. Tucker - was the first American to use rubber bands
(1846).
 Condemned the practice of early extraction of deciduous teeth.

Orthodontic pioneers of the late 19th century
Norman W. Kingsley (1825-1896)
 He introduced occipital
traction (1879).
 He experimented with cleft
palate treatment, perfecting
a gold obturator and an
artificial vellum of soft
rubber (1859)

 A Treatise on Oral Deformities (1880), the first to recommend
that etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning should be the
foundations of practice
 Initially, he extracted teeth and moved the anterior teeth back into
the space thus created. Later, he gave up extraction and added an
inclined plane of vulcanite to his mechanism to “jump the bite.”

 Amos Westcott - telescopic
bar in the maxilla to correct a
crossbite (1859).
 Emerson C. Angell was the

first to open the median
palatal suture with a split
plate (1860),
Amos Westcott used chincup in 1840s to treat

Class III patients

 C. R. Coffin, Kingsley’s student
C. R. Coffin embedded spring-action piano wire,

bent into shape of “W,” into vulcanite plate, separated
plate in middle, and activated spring so that halves
pressed alveolar process to outside.

John Nutting Farrar
 John Nutting Farrar (1839-

1913), began the era of
biologic tooth movement.
 Treatise on Irregularities of
the Teeth and Their
Correction (1888)
 “Father of American
Orthodontics.

Farrar was among first to use
occipital anchorage
to retract anterior teeth.

 Eugene S.Talbot (1847-1925) - first to use the Roentgen ray in
orthodontic diagnosis.
 Talbot was the first dentist to specialize in both orthodontics and
periodontics
 Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Treatment (1888)
 Degeneracy: Its Causes, Signs, and Insults (1898)

 1893, Henry A. Baker introduced intermaxillary rubber bands to
correct protrusions. His method came to be known as “Baker
anchorage”
 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923), a German physicist,
discovered the x-ray (1895), for which he received the first Nobel
Prize (1901)

Calvin S. Case
 Calvin S. Case (1847-1923)

wrote A Practical Treatise
on the Technics and
Principles of Dental
Orthopedia (1908)
 He was the first to use
(about 1893), along with
Henry Baker, Class II
elastics and was the first to
attempt bodily movement.
 He was also the first to use
light wires
 GREAT EXTRACTION DEBATE : between Case and Angle and
his disciples
 Case used a different type of appliance for each patient and
stressed facial esthetics in contrast to Angle’s reliance on
occlusion.

Edward H. Angle (1855-1930).
 “Father of Modern
Orthodontics.”
 Founded (1900) the first
postgraduate school of
orthodontics (Angle School of
Orthodontia)
 Founded the first orthodontic
journal The American
Orthodontist, in 1907

 Angle’s classification,
published in Dental
Cosmos(1899)
 Appliances are the E-arch
(1900), the pin-and-tube
appliance (1910), the ribbon
arch (1916), and the
edgewise appliance (1925).
 Anna Hopkins (1872-1957)
Anna Hopkins and Edward H. Angle

 “Mother Angle” became secretary of the American Society of
Orthodontists,
 A founding coeditor of the Angle Orthodontist
 Angle standardized his appliances and developed a collection of
prefabricated parts (the “Angle System”)

 Ninth International Medical Congress in Washington, DC (1887)
- separation of orthodontics from dentistry
 Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth (1907)
 Angle organized the first orthodontic society (1900), the
American Society of Orthodontists (now the American
Association of Orthodontists)

The professionalization of orthodontics in the
early 19th century
 A philologist, Sir James Murray (English, 1909)-orthodontics.

 In 1976 by B. F. Dewel – Dentofacial orthopedics
 first American dental school opened at the University of
Maryland in 1840 (Baltimore College of Dental Surgery)
 “irregularities” of the teeth - Chapin Harris.

 Norman Kingsley - causes and correction of malocclusion (1872)
 Before 1910, orthodontics was taught as a branch of prosthetics
 The first department of orthodontics in a university (Marion Sims
Dental College, Saint Louis, 1897) – Angle
 In 1907, the Angle School got competition in Saint Louis.
 The International School of Orthodontia

Benno E. Liesher
 Benno Lischer (1876-1959)

He wrote Elements of
Orthodontia (1909),
Principles and Methods of
Orthodontics (1912), and
Time to Tell (1955).
 He was the first to use the
term cephalometrics (1922)
 He coined mesiocclusion ,
distocclusion , and
neutrocclusion

Martin Deway
 Martin Dewey(1881-1933)
 He was the first editor of The
American Orthodontist and
then helped found the
International Journal of
Orthodontia (1914)

 1911, he was the chief spokesman on the side of nonextraction.
 The Dewey School turned out some graduates who contributed
significantly to orthodontic progress (Crozat, Eby, Joe Johnson,
Oliver, Margolis, and Salzmann)

Professionalization of Orthodontics
 The first 2 cornerstones of the professional pyramid were laid

(education and organization), and
 The specialty began to pour the third cornerstone: orthodontic
literature
 Brodie and Weinberger - education at the graduate level.

 The first undergraduate orthodontic program at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons (now University of the Pacific) -
Elizabeth E. Richardson (1863-1938)
 Guilhermena G. Mendell (d.1946; Angle School, 1902) was the
first woman graduate and the first woman instructor at the Angle
School(1902)

Josephine M. Abelson helped pave
way for women to practice and
teach orthodontics

Universities take the plunge
 In the early 1920s, a few universities opened graduate

departments
 In 1922, New York University and Columbia University, both in
New York City, began teaching graduate orthodontics - Leuman
M. Waugh (1877-1972)
 The International Association of Dental Research (1920)

 Three more schools opened in
1923
 A. LeRoy Johnson (1881-1967;
Angle School, 1909) wrote
“Basic principles of
orthodontics,”
 John V. Mershon (1867-1953;
Angle School, 1908) was head
of orthodontics at the University
of Pennsylvania from1916 to
1925
John V. Mershon tried to orthodontics
from the biologic rather than mechanical
Ref: Orthodontics in 3 mellennia: Chapter-3 viewpoint
 The third school, Northwestern University, opened its graduate
department under Charles R. Baker (1880-1970)

 Frederick B. Noyes (1872-
1961; Angle School, 1908)-
Text-book of Dental
Histology and Embryology
 Establish a graduate
department in the College of
Dentistry at the University of
Illinois campus in Chicago
Histologist and dean, Frederick B. Noyes
had
vision for future of orthodontic education

 Allan G.Brodie (1897-1976;
Angle College, 1927)- the
edgewise appliance
 Brodie’s teaching and Noyes’s
foresight finally gave
orthodontic education a solid
foundation
Allan G. Brodie, more than anyone else,

carried
on where Angle left off.
The University of Illinois produced some of the most noteworthy
orthodontists of the time

 Professor of orthodontics and
radiology James D. McCoy
(1884-1965; Angle School,
1905)
 First graduate orthodontic
program began in 1934 at the
University of Southern
California School of Dentistry
West Coast orthodontics thrived in early

20th
Ref: Orthodontics in 3 mellennia: Chapter-3 century under leadership of James D.
McCoy
 Spencer R. Atkinson
(1886-1970;Angle School,
1920)
 key ridge
Spencer R. Atkinson examines specimen in

his
Ref: Orthodontics in 3 mellennia: Chapter-3 collection of 1400 skulls.
Orthodontists gets together: Associations
 First American dental association (the Society of Dental Surgeons

of the City and State of New York) was organized in 1834
 Richard Summa(1868-1933; Angle School, 1900) - form a
temporary organization, called the Society of Orthodontists (soon
changed to the ASO and then to the AAO in 1935)

 Rodrigues Ottolengui (1861-
1937)
 Introduced the term
prosthodontia
 Was elected president in
1906

Organizations Abroad
 In Berlin, the European Orthodontic Society took shape in 1907

• Its journal, The European Journal of Orthodontics
 The British Society for the Study of Orthodontics- George

Northcroft (1869-1944) and Harold Chapman (1881-1965)
 In 1926, Japanese orthodontists organized with 11 founders.
 Paul R. Begg and J. Stanley Wilkinson- established the
Australian Society of Orthodontists
• Its journal: Australian Orthodontic Journal (1967)

Orthodontic Literature
J. A. Salzmann pioneered
public health orthodontics
and devised Salzmann index
of malocclusion.

Periodicals
 Dental Cosmos and Dental Items of Interest

 Physician and publisher, C. V. Mosby, MD, proposed the
International Journal of Orthodontia
 Philip Skrainka, MD, and orthodontists Martin Dewey (also an
MD) and H. C. Pollock, Sr (1884-1970;Angle School, 1911) were
cofounders
 The Angle Orthodontist (1930)
 Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1967)
 World Journal of Orthodontics (2000)

H. C. Pollock Sr helped found
International
Journal of Orthodontics (now
AJODO) and gave it
editorial guidance for 53 years.

Bernhard W. Weinberger(1885-1960)
“orthodontia’s historian.”
 Weinberger wrote 36 articles

from 1915 to 1922 under the
title “Orthodontics: an
historical review of its origin
and evolution.”

Histological studies
 John Goodsir - osteoblast

(1830)
 In 1885, Julius Wolff wrote
“Law of the Transformation of
Bone,”
 Albin Oppenheim (1875-1945,
Angle School, 1911)
Eminent Viennese scientist Albin Oppenheim

reintroduced headcaps into United States and researched
root resorption, gentle forces, and Class III
treatment.
 T. Wingate Todd (1885-
1938), an English physician
and anatomist
 An index of maturation for
the hand and wrist (Atlas of
Skeletal Maturation)
 Existence of growth spurts,
developed the Reserve
Craniostat
T. Wingate Todd, physician and anatomist,

did
more than any other nondentist to
advance orthodontics.
 Milo Hellman (1872-1947)
introduced anthropologic
techniques and cephalometrics
into orthodontic diagnosis
Ref: Orthodontics in mellennia: Chapter-4

The American Board of Orthodontics
 The American Board of Orthodontics - became the first specialty

board in dentistry
 The vision and optimism of President Albert Ketcham and
Organizing Committee chairman Martin Dewey

Albert H. Ketcham (1870-1935)
 He pioneered dental
radiography
 He delivered the first paper on
x-rays in orthodontics to the
American Society of
Orthodontists in 1910.
 In 1926, he presented the first
comprehensive data on root
resorption.
Albert Ketcham was leading force behind ABO.

Early 20th Century Appliances
 Victor H. Jackson (1850-
1929) -
 wire crib in 1887
 “Jackson System,”
 He was also the first to
mention fixed retention and
fiberotomy

 The Jackson appliance was
taken up by William E. Walker
(1863-1914)
 Crozat (1894-1966)- modified
Walker’s device and
introduced it in 1919.
 Originally called the “invisible
brace,” it later became known
as the Crozat appliance
Crozat appliance

 Henry Baker used maxillary
and mandibular vulcanite
removable retainers.
Baker’s vulcanite retainer

 Charles A. Hawley (1861-1929)
 Hawley retainer (1919)
 First to use nitrous oxide for
extractions
Charles A. Hawley’s name has become

synonymous with retainer
Mershon lingual arch
 John V. Mershon - 1909 - removable lingual arch , designed to

apply gentle pressure on the teeth to keep them (if otherwise
rigidly connected) from interfering with the forward growth of
the jaws

 Labiolingual appliance –
 Lloyd S. Lourie Sr (1877-
1959),
 Oren A. Oliver (1887-1965), a
pioneer Southern orthodontist
who wrote Labio-Lingual
Technique (1940); and
 Lowrie J. Porter (1895-1981),
who contributed several
refinements such as loops and
a lingual lock.

 In 1922, James McCoy- open-tube appliance
McCoy open tube was actually an early form of

self-ligating appliance
Stainless steel
 1913 to protect English cannon bores.

 In 1924, W. H. Hatfield patented “18-8” (18% chromium, 8%
nickel)
 The first orthodontists to use stainless steel were Europeans:
Lucien De Coster (Belgium, 1927) in his appliances and
 Rudolf Schwarz - edgewise appliances.
 Oren Oliver- ligature wire in 1930
 Ernest S. Friel- bands in 1935.

P. Raymond Begg
 P. Raymond (Paul R.) Begg

(1889-1983) bracket (1933),
which was essentially a
ribbon-arch bracket turned
upside down. It was the first
bracket system that used
single, round, stainless-steel
wire of .016-in diameter or
less

 He wrote Begg Orthodontic Theory and Technique (1965)
 During the 1940s, Begg developed the highly resilient, stainless-
steel “Australian”wire, replacing precious metal

Universal appliance
 Spencer R. Atkinson (1886-

1970) invented the universal
bracket in 1929 as a means of
incorporating light forces into
his technique
 The universal appliance was
based on a combination of
Angle’s ribbon arch and
Universal bracket
edgewise appliances

Twin wire
 Joseph E. Johnson
(1888-1969)- twin-wire
technique(1929)
 both wires were inserted
into the same channel

Preformed bands
 The first orthodontic bands - strips of metal

 By the late 1930s, Rocky Mountain Orthodontics had developed a
line of preformed anterior and molar bands.
Acrylics
 Otto Röhm - German chemist – 1936

Extraction Controversy
 Extraction of deciduous teeth was known in ancient civilizations

 The controversy arose when dentists started removing permanent
teeth.
 Angle and Kingsley – follows non-extraction philosophy
 John Mershon, Joseph Johnson, and George Crozat - appliances
relied on a nonextraction philosophy

 Charles H. Tweed, Jr (1895-1970)
 Extracting 4 premolars - after
initially following Angle’s
nonextraction dogma
 Raymond Begg - in 1928, he began

extracting premolars.

 Begg and Tweed were 2 of
the 3 men having the
greatest influence on
extraction in midcentury.
The third was Robert H. W.
Strang (1881-1982; Angle
School, 1906)
Robert H. W. Strang spread Tweed gospel to

East Coast orthodontists

+
 Hays N. Nance (1893-1964)
 “Limitations of orthodontic
treatment.” - treated dentitions
return to their original
intercanine and intermolar
widths
 Leeway space
Hays N. Nance was meticulous clinician

and
investigator who focused specialty’s
attention on limitations of orthodontic
Ref: Orthodontics in 3 mellennia: Chapter-6 treatment
Advent of Cephalometer
 The study of the head became known as craniometrics

(measurement of dry skulls).
 Craniostats, designed to hold the skull in an oriented position,
were the forerunners of the cephalostat, or head holder.
 The cephalostat, in turn, became the forerunner of the
cephalometer.
 The measurements and relationships were applied to the living
subject (cephalometrics)
Leonardo da Vinci Albrecht Dürer
 The analysis of facial proportions - Leonardo da

Vinci (1452-1519; Italian) Albrecht Dürer (1471-
1528; German)
Dürer used a coordinate system to demonstrate
differences in the long, narrow face and the
broad face
Calipers set to a constant ratio of 1.6:1 are used to demonstrate divine
proportion (developed by Greek mathematicians) in faces
(drawings by Leonardo Da Vinci).
 Petrus Camper (1722-89;
Dutch), physician, anatomist,
and painter - first to employ
angles in measuring the face.
 prognathic and orthognathic –
Retsius
 Camper found that as the face
grows downward and
forward, the facial angle
decreases Camper’s facial angle, based on comparative
anatomy, had profound influence on esthetics
and anthropology
Impact of cephalometer - Development
 The forerunner of the cephalometer—the Reserve craniostat —

was developed by T. Wingate Todd (1885-1938)
 B.Holly Broadbent Sr. (1884-1977; Angle School, 1923) - that
facial pictures could be superimposed on certain base lines,
thereby disclosing more clearly the changes in the teeth and jaws
during orthodontic treatment.
 Together they designed a roentgenographic craniostat that made
possible precise standardization of cranial x-rays of dry skulls.
 The next step was to adapt the device to the heads of living
subjects: the roentgenographic cephalometer
 Broadbent-Bolton cephalometer was introduced in 1931
 L. Bodine Higley (1899-1990) - He pioneered TMJ radiography
and reproduction of hard and soft tissues in profile
roentgenography.
 In 1936, he invented a cephalometric head positioner and cassette
holder
Robert E. Moyers (1919-96)
Research efforts of Robert E.

Moyers led to better understanding
of neuromusculature in form-
function relationship.
Robert M. Ricketts (1920-2003)
 In the field of craniofacial
growth, Ricketts:
 Developed the first
cephalometric analysis(1960)
that allowed clinicians to
compare their patients with
norms based on age, sex, and
race (Ricketts analysis).
 Developed - the visualized treatment objective (VTO).
 Developed computer-driven cephalometric diagnostics (Rocky
Mountain Data Systems).
 Developed a computer-generated method for projecting growth to
maturity using the mandibular archial growth (long-range
forecasting) method
 Downs analysis- William
B. Downs (1899-1966) In
1947, he completed a
landmark study,
“Variations in Facial
Relationships: Their
Significance in Treatment
and Prognosis,”
 ANB angle - Richard A. Riedel (1922-1994)
 Steiner analysis(1953 ) -Cecil C. Steiner (1896-1989)
 Tweed triangle(1954)- Tweed
 McNamara’s analysis - James A. McNamara’s (Published in
1983)
 The Wits analysis (1967)- Alexander Jacobson
Functional appliances to midcentury
 In the early 1900s, parallel development began in the United

States- fixed techniques
 and Europe – functional techniques
 Pierre Robin (1902) – monobloc is generally considered the
forerunner of removable functional appliances
 Alfred P. Rogers (1873-1959; Angle School, 1903) - called the
father of myofunctional therapy
 First to implicate the facial muscles for the growth, development
 The activator (1908) - Viggo Andresen (1870-1950)
 Karl Häupl (1893-1960)-an enthusiastic advocate of what he
and Andresen called the “Norwegian system.”
 The Herbst appliance(1905) - by Emil Herbst (1842-1917)
 The Bimler appliance(1949) - Hans Peter Bimler’s
 The double plate (1956) - A. Martin Schwarz (1887-1963)
 The function regulator (1967) - Rolf Fränkel (1908-2001)
 The tooth positioner - In 1944, Harold D. Kesling (1901-79)
 The bionator - In 1950, Wilhelm Balters (1893-1973)
Golden age of orthodontics
 Postwar prosperity, an upswing in extractions

 The subsequent clamor for more orthodontists led to a
proliferation of graduate departments
 Inauguration of the AAO Preceptorship Program(1958- 1970)
 George W. Hahn (1894-1977) – head the preceptorship program
Occlusion
 In 1972, Graber proposed dividing the history of occlusion into 3

periods:
 Fictional (before 1900),
 Hypothetical (1900-1930), and
 Factual (after 1930).
Factual period
 In 1924, Beverly B. McCollum, considered the “Father of

Gnathology
 Considered cusp contact during functional movements
 Lawrence F. Andrews - 6 “keys”
 In the 1970s, Ronald H. Roth (1933-2005) – suggested that
orthodontists should embrace the principles of gnathology
Skeletal anchorage
 Headgear, elastics, adjacent teeth, and many appliances have been

suggested as anchorage
 The first implant success was achieved at Harvard University in
1937, with cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (vitallium)
implants
 The concept of using implants to enhance orthodontic anchorage
was first published in 1945 by Gainsforth and Higley
 In the 1960s, P. I. Brånemark, a Swedish physician and
orthopedic surgeon - osseointegration.
 In 1997 Kanomi - a mini-implant specifically designed for
orthodontic use
 Roberts used conventional, 2-stage titanium implants in the
retromolar region to help reinforce anchorage while successfully
closing first-molar extraction sites in the mandible
 In the late 1990s, the introduction of miniscrews for immediate
loading
 In 1995, Block and Hoffman introduced the onplant to provide
orthodontic anchorage
 Miniplates and miniscrews (now called temporary anchorage
devices, or TADs) have recently been introduced as simpler
alternatives to endosseous implants and onplants in orthodontics
Late 20th-century fixed appliances
 BRACKETS
 On the East Coast, Brainerd F. Swain (1911-1999) attached 2
brackets to a single base and called it the twin, or “Siamese,”
bracket
 In Seattle, Paul D. Lewis (1896-1992) soldered curved rotation
arms, or “wings,” to a single bracket that contact the inside of the
archwire
Preadjusted brackets
 At the 1960 AAO meeting, Jarabak, with James A. Fizzell,

demonstrated the first bracket to combine torque and angulation
 Lawrence F. Andrews (1929-) -Based on his “six keys to normal
occlusion,” he called his design the Straight-Wire appliance
Narrow slots
 1953 , Steiner - first .018 x .022-in bracket - stainlesssteel archwire,

greatly improving the elasticity
Esthetic brackets
 In 1963, Morton Cohen and Elliott Silverman - plastic brackets
 The ceramic bracket - 1987.
 1990s, design modifications and
 The use of reinforced polycarbonate (for plastic) and polycrystalline
alumina (for ceramic) and the addition of a metallic slot
Bonded brackets
 In 1955, Buonocore, borrowing the techniques of industrial

bonding, enhanced the adhesion with the phosphoric acid etch.
AJO-DO
 International Journal of Orthodontia,

1915;
 International Journal of Orthodontia
and Oral Surgery, 1919;
 International Journal of Orthodontia
and Dentistry for Children,1933;
 American Journal of Orthodontics
and Oral Surgery, 1938;
 American Journal of
Orthodontics,1948; and
 American Journal of Orthodontics
and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1986.
 1900 - American Society of Orthodontists (ASO)
 1907 - European Orthodontic Society
 1926 - Japanese orthodontic Society
 1927 - Australian Society of Orthodontists
 1947 - Canadian Association of Orthodontists
 1991 - British Orthodontic Society
HISTORY OF INDIAN ORTHODONTICS
 Dr Rafiuddin Ahmed (1890-1965)—Father of Indian Dentistry
 In 1920, Dr Ahmed founded the first Dental College of India as
well as of Asia
 Year 1939 - establishment of first Department of Orthodontics of
India, under the guidance of Dr HD Merchant
 In 1959 , Nair Hospital Dental College was the first institute in
India to start with MDS courses.
 At that time appliances used were:
• Mershon’s Lingual Arch and High Labial Arch,Hawley’s Plate,
Catlans’s Appliance
• Later on Badcocks Expansion plates and Norwegian Appiances were
introduced
 Dr. N.H.Parikh(1957) :- He Introduced Jarabak’s Technique

 Dr. Henriques(1955):- He introduced Labio- lingual appliances
 Dr. Prem Prakash:-
He introduced edgewise appliance (1954)
and begg’s Techinque (1963)
 Dr. A.B. Modi

He introduced Frankel Appliance and Functional appliances
Indian Orthodontic Society
 Dr HariKrishan D
Merchant, Father of Indian
Orthodontics,
 He was the Founder Member
and first President of the
Indian Orthodontic Society
(1965-1968)
 The IOS was started in 1965 with the following founder members
– Dr. H.D. Merchant, Dr. Prem Prakash, Dr. H.S. Sheikh, Dr. A.B.
Modi, Dr. Naishadh Parikh, and Dr. Keki Mistry.
 Naishadh Parikh was the founding Secretary and Treasurer.
 Dr. Nikhilesh Vaid, who has taken IOS globally, becoming the
President of the Asian-Pacific Orthodontic Society and Executive
Member of the World Orthodontic Society.
 The IOS was formally established as the Indian Orthodontic
Society on Friday the 5th October 1965
 The Indian Orthodontic Society held its first conference in the
year 1967 at New Delhi with a scientific session
 The Journal of the Indian Orthodontic Society was started by Dr
HD Merchant as the first Editor in 1968.
 At its headquarters in Vellore, the IOS established a library and
the first dental museum in India in 1998
 The first certification and convocation was held at Bangalore on
October 2, 1999
 Currently Dr. Pradeep Jain is the president and Dr. Sridevi

Padmanabhan is Honorary Secretary of IOS.
Dr. Pradeep Jain Dr. Sridevi Padmanabhan

President of IOS Honorary Secretary of IOS
Conclusion
 “The longer you look back, the greater you can leap ahead .”
 “Blessed are those who bring a wonderful smile, for they shall be
called orthodontist”
Bibliography
 Norman Wahl: Antiquity to the mid-19th century - AJODO- 2005,

vol- 127: 255-259
 Entering the modern era – AJODO- 2005, Vol- 127: 510-515
 The professionalization of orthodontics- AJODO- 2005, Vol-127 :
749-753
 The American Board of Orthodontics, Albert Ketcham, and early
20th-century appliances- AJODO 2005; Vol-128: 535-540
 More early 20th-century appliances and the extraction
controversy- AJODO 2005; Vol-128: 795-800
 Facial analysis before the advent of the cephalometer-AJODO
2006;Vol-129: 293-298
 The cephalometer takes its place in the orthodontic
armamentarium- AJODO 2006;Vol-129: 574-580
 Functional appliances to midcentury- AJODO 2006; Vol- 129:
829-833
 The golden age of orthodontics- AJODO 2006; Vol-130: 549-553
 Two controversies: Early treatment and occlusion- AJODO 2006;
Vol-130: 799-804
 Skeletal anchorage- AJODO 2008; Vol-134: 707-710
 Late 20th-century fixed appliances- AJODO 2008; Vol-134: 827-
830
 Teja MV, Teja TS, Shetty S, Kashyap R. The Rise of Indian
Orthodontics: A Historical Perspective. J Ind Orthod Soc
2013;47(3):113-120.
THANK YOU

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HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS

By : Dr. Ashish Kalawat

 Archeologist have discovered Egyptian mummies with crude

Ref: Orthodontics in 3 mellennia: Chapter-1

 Hippocrates (400BC) – earliest description of irregularities of

Ref: Orthodontics in 3 mellennia: Chapter-1

 Pierre Dionis (1658-1718) – called dentists operators of teeth

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 Dentist to the king of France.

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 An English anatomist and

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 Joseph Fox (1776-1816) -classify malocclusion (1803)

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Removable “plate” used by Friedrich

 In 1834, the first American dental association, the Society of

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 Emerson C. Angell was the

Amos Westcott used chincup in 1840s to treat

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C. R. Coffin embedded spring-action piano wire,

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 John Nutting Farrar (1839-

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 Calvin S. Case (1847-1923)

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Anna Hopkins and Edward H. Angle

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 A philologist, Sir James Murray (English, 1909)-orthodontics.

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 Benno Lischer (1876-1959)

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 The first 2 cornerstones of the professional pyramid were laid

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 In the early 1920s, a few universities opened graduate

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Allan G. Brodie, more than anyone else,

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West Coast orthodontics thrived in early

Spencer R. Atkinson examines specimen in

 First American dental association (the Society of Dental Surgeons

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 In Berlin, the European Orthodontic Society took shape in 1907