Session-7

Propositional Functions
Propositional Equivalence
Logically Equivalent
• Two compound propositions p and q are logically equivalent if p↔q is a
tautology.
• We write this as p⇔q or as p≡q where p and q are compound propositions.
• Two compound propositions p and q are equivalent if and only if the columns
in a truth table giving their truth values agree.
• This truth table shows that ¬p ∨ q is equivalent to p → q.

p q ¬p ¬p ∨ q p→ q

T T F T T

T F F F F

F T T T T

F F T T T
2.2 Logical Equivalence: The Laws of Logic

(1) p  p Law of Double Negation

( 2 )  ( p  q )  p   q Demorgan's Laws
 ( p  q )   p  q
( 3) p  q  q  p Commutative Laws
pq  q p
( 4) p  ( q  r )  ( p  q)  r Associative Laws
p  ( q  r )  ( p  q)  r
2.2 Logical Equivalence: The Laws of Logic

( 5) p  ( q  r )  ( p  q )  ( p  r ) Distributive Law
p  ( q  r )  ( p  q)  ( p  r )
( 6) p  p  p , p  p  p Idempotent Law
( 7 ) p  F0  p , p  T0  p Identity Law
( 8) p  p  T0 , p  p  F0 Inverse Law
( 9 ) p  T0  T0 , P  F0  F0 Domination Law
(10) p  ( p  q )  p , p  ( p  q )  p Absorption Law
Equivalence Proofs
Example: Show that
is logically equivalent to
Solution:
 If Conditional statement is P →Q then
 its Inverse or Opposite is ~P→~Q
 its Converse is Q→P
 its Contra positive is ~Q→~P

Law of conditional / implication: P →Q = ~PVQ

Law of contra positive : P →Q = ~Q→~P
3. Consider the following propositions
P: David is playing pool
Q: David is inside
R: David is doing his homework
S: David is listening to music
Translate following sentences into symbolic notations
i. Either David is playing pool or he is inside
ii. Neither is David playing pool, nor is he doing his homework
iii. David is playing pool and not doing his homework
iv. David is inside doing his homework, not playing pool
v. David is inside doing his homework while listening to music, and
he is not playing pool
vi. David is not listening to music, nor is he playing pool, neither is
he doing his homework.
4. Translate the following into acceptable English
i. (~P) ^ (~Q)
ii. P V(Q^R)
iii. ~( (~P) ^R)
iv. [(~P)VQ] ^ [~R V S]
v. [(~P) ^ Q] V [(~R) ^S]

5. Restate the following implications into its equivalent ~pvq

i. If he fails to follow orders, he will lose his commission.
ii.If the work is not finished on time then I am in trouble.
iii.
If triangle is isosceles , then base angles are equal
iv.If K mart does not refund money, I will not shop there
anymore.
v. If lines AB & CD are parallel, then the alternate interior angles
are equal.
6. Find the truth values for the following
i. P= T, Q= F and R=F then find [ (P^~Q)→R] → [P →(QVR)]
ii. P=T, Q=T and (P^Q) → (RVS)= F then find R=?, S=?