FOUNDATION OF

ELECTROMAGNETISM
(LECTURE 1)

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 Basic Principles of
Electromagnetism
• Magnet
• Magnetic Flux, ϕ
• electromagnet is a type of
magnet whose magnetic field
is produced by the flow of
electric current.
Magnetic fields – for energy
conversion
in t/f, generators, motors
magnetic flux density, B = ϕ/A
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Ampere's law:

Where H is the magnetic field intensity

produced by Ni, unit Henry per metre
L is the mean path length of core
N is the total number of turns
i is the current supplied

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NZA 2009
A simple magnetic core

H – magnetic field intensity (ampere-turn per meter)

µ –permeability of any material (henrys per meter)
B – resulting magnetic flux density produced (Weber per
square meter or Tesla)

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 Relationship between B & H
µr – relative permeability
µo – permeability of free space (4 x 10-7H/m)

magnetic flux density for magnetic core earlier

therefore, given by:

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Comparison between electric circuit & magnetic circuit

V  IR

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Reluctances in magnetic circuit
NiA A A
  Ni  F
lc lc lc
lc

A
 eq  1   2   3  ....... Series Reluctances

1 1 1 1
    .........
 eq 1  2 3 Parallel Reluctances

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NZA 2009
Example 1
A ferromagnetic core is shown in Fig. below. Three sides of this core
are of uniform width, while the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The
depth of the core (in to page) is 10cm, and the other dimensions are
shown in the figure. There is a 200-turn coil wrapped around the left
side of the core. Assuming relative permeability µr of 2500, how
much flux will be produced by a 1A input current?

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NZA 2009
Solution:

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Example 2
Fig. shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean path length is 40cm. There is a
small gap of 0.05cm in the structure of the otherwise whole core. The cross-
sectional area of the core is 12cm2, the relative permeability of the core is 4000,
and the coil of wire on the core has 400 turns. Assume that fringing (border) in the
air gap increases the effective cross-sectional area of the air gap by 5 percent.
Given this information, find:
the total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap) and
the current required to produce a flux density of 0.5T in the air gap

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Solution:

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 Example 3
Fig. 6 shows a simplified rotor and stator for a DC motor. The mean path length of the stator is
50cm, and its cross-sectional area is 12 cm2. The mean path length of the rotor is 5cm, and its
cross-sectional area also may be assumed to be 12cm2. Each air gap between the rotor and
the stator is 0.05cm wide, and the cross-sectional area of each air gap (including fringing) is 14
cm2. The iron of the core has a relative permeability of 2000, and there are 200 turns of wire in
the core. If the current in the wire is adjusted to be 1 A, what will the resulting flux density in the
air gaps be?

A simplified diagram of a rotor

and a stator of a motor

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 Ferromagnetic Materials:
Exhibit very strong magnetic effects
Have very large values of μr (typically 104)
Examples are iron, nickel and cobalt

Energy Losses in Ferromagnetic Core: (CORE LOSSES

1. Hysteresis loss is an energy loss in ferromagnetic
core during magnetizing and demagnetizing process
where the energy is dissipated as heat
2. Eddy current loss

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Path bcdeb is called
a hysteresis loop

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