CVD

NUTRITION THERAPY 2
Pathophysiology

Secondary:
Renal disease
Primary Endocrine disorder
Idiopathic or unknown Others (e.g.
pregnancy, drugs)

HTN
Nutrition and HTN

 Sodium intake
 Obesity
 Potassium Intake
 Cigarette smoking
Nutrition Therapy

 Maintain DBW and restrict from sodium

 Reduction in sodium intake to 500 mg is recommended to rapidly
decrease blood pressure
 Moderately low fat in the diet
 Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids are encouraged
 Use at least 50% of calories as CHO, preferably complex forms that
includes soluble fibers found in beans, oat bran, and apples
Nutrition Therapy

 Fluids
 Usual variety of fluids are allowed
 Alcoholic beverages less than 30g per day or two average mixed
drinks will be allowed.
 The DASH diet
 Diets include high quantities of fruits, vegetables, and emphasize
low-fat dairy products, whole grains, poultry, fish and nuts
 Lifestyle intervention like weight reduction, exercise, smoking
cessation and overall healthy eating pattern for at least 2 months are
instituted before the initiation of drug therapy.
 ATHEROSCLEROSIS
 Is a disorder characterized by an accumulation of lipid in
the intimal layer of the artery

 Is a major underlying cause of CHD

 Ischemia – reduced blood flow causes inadequate supply of

nutrients and oxygen delivery to, and waste from, tissues.

 Infarct – dead tissue resulting from blocked

artery

 Myocardial Infarction – involves the heart; heart attack caused by

the blockage of an artery leading to the heart

 Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) – either a blockage or bursting of blood vessel leading to the
brain
 RISK FACTORS
Major risk factors
 Hyperlipidemia – excessive amounts of fats in the blood
 Hyperlipidemia – excessive amounts of fats in the blood

 HPN – high blood pressure

 Smoking

Contributory risk factors

 Obesity  Personality type
 DM  age
 Male sex
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Heredity
 Atherosclerosis Management

Nutrition Therapy

 TLC Diet or DASH Diet

• Low in total fat, saturated fat, has zero trans-fat and low in cholesterol

• Targeted to people whose LDL cholesterol is above the goal level for
their category of risk for heart disease

 Specific Goals:

• To consume an overall healthy diet, aim for a healthy body weight; aim
for normal levels of blood pressure, lipids and blood glucose; be
physically active; and avoid use of and exposure to tobacco products
 Atherosclerosis Management

Nutrition Therapy

 TLC Recommendations:

• Balance caloric intake and physical activity

• Limit intake of saturated fat

• Consume a diet rich in diet rich in vegetables and fruits

• Minimize intake of partially hydrogenated fats,

beverages and foods with added sugar
• Choose and prepare foods with little or no salt

• Balance energy intake and expenditure to maintain

DBW and prevent weight gain
 CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA)

 A loss of brain function that

occurs when the blood
supply to any part of the
brain is interrupted, resulting
in tissue death
 2 types of Stroke

 Ischemic Stroke – occurs when a  Haemorrhagic Stroke – occurs

blood clot blocks blood flow in a when a blood vessel in the brain
vessel that is carrying blood to breaks or ruptures
the brain

Causes: high blood pressure Causes: high blood pressure and

aging blood vessels
 2 types of Haemorrhagic Stroke
Intracerebral Hemorrhage –
most common hemorrhagic
stroke happens when a
blood vessel inside the brain
bursts and leaks blood into
surrounding brain tissue
Causes: high blood
pressure and aging blood
vessels
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
– involves bleeding in the
area between the brain and
the tissue covering the brain
or the subarachnoid space.
Causes: burst aneurysm,
arteriovenous malformation
(AVM), bleeding disorders,
head injury and blood thinners
 2 types of Ischemic Stroke

Thrombotic stroke – occurs

when a blood clot (thrombus)
forms in one of the arteries
that supply blood into the
brain

Causes: fatty deposits

(plaque) that build up in the
arteries and cause reduced
blood flow (atherosclerosis)

Embolic stroke – also caused by a blood clot

(embolus) within an artery but in this case the clot
forms somewhere other than in the brain itself
 Risk Factors

 Cigarette smoker

 HPN

 DM

 Heart diseases

 Obesity

 Women on birth control pills

 Nutrition Therapy
 Initially, the patient is on NPO with IV fluids
 Tube feeding
 Dietary treatment should progress from NPO to liquids, to pureed
liquids or a mechanical soft diet
 Calories: adequate calories are provided according to patient’s
activity level and current weight status (25-45 kcal/kg)

 Fats: if an abnormal lipid level is present, restrict cholesterol to no

more than 300mg/day

 Protein: loss of lean body mass will require the patient to receive a
protein diet based on 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg

 Carbohydrates: amount of carbohydrates is estimated based on

average recommendation with emphasis on complex form
 Vitamins and Minerals: Vit. C, magnesium and Vit. E are important for
stroke patients and should be met in adequate quantities in the diet.
 Fluids: 6-8 cups of fluids daily
 End

MA.JOCELYN C. TENORIO
NUTRITION THERAPY2