Shear Force and Bending Moment

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING
MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Dr. AKASH MOHANTY

Associate Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
VIT University, Vellore- 632014, India
Email id: mohanty@vit.ac.in
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
Application to a Bar
Normal Force:
Fn Fn
Bending Moment: S.B.

Mt Mt
Shear Force:
Ft Ft
Torque or Twisting Moment: K.J.
Mn
Mn
Examples of Devices under Bending Loading:
Excavator
Atrium
Yacht
Structure
Car Chassis

Statically Determinant
Example of
determinate
structures are:
Simply supported
beams, cantilever
beams, single and
double overhanging
beams, three hinged
arches, etc.

Conditions
for
Equilibrium
ΣF=0
ΣM=0

Statically indeterminate
In statics, a structure is statically indeterminate (or hyperstatic)
when the static equilibrium equations are insufficient for
determining the internal forces and reactions on that structure
Examples: Continuous beams and frames

2.0 Bending of Beams
2.2 Stresses in Beams
P sx sx
x
Mxz Mxz
2.3 Combined Bending and Axial Loading
P1
P2
2.4 Deflections in Beams

Consider the simply supported beam below:
y Radius of Curvature, R
x P
Deflected
A B Shape
Mxz Mxz
RAy RBy
Mxz Mxz
What stresses are generated
within, due to bending?

P
W A B
u
Mxz Mxz
RAy RBy
Recall: Axial Deformation Bending
Load Bending
(W) Moment
(Mxz)
Axial Stiffness Flexural Stiffness
Extension (u) Curvature (1/R)

Axial Stress Due to Bending: Mxz=Bending Moment
y
Mxz sx (Compression) Mxz
x
sx=0
Beam
sx (Tension)
Unlike stress generated by axial loads, due to bending:
sx is NOT UNIFORM through

the section depth
sx DEPENDS ON:
(i) Bending Moment, Mxz
(ii) Geometry of Cross-section
SIGN CONVENTIONS

SIGN CONVENTION
***VVIMP***

A B
L
Shear Force at XX = W
Bending Moment at XX = W×x

A B
L
Shear Force= ω × x

Relationships

Relationships between SF, BM
and intensity of UDL
dF
 
dx
dM
F
dx
Sign Conventions: Qxy=Shear Force
y
Mxz=Bending Moment
x
Mxz Mxz -ve sx
Qxy Qxy +ve sx
+VE (POSITIVE)
Be Happy No Happy
“Happy” Beam is +VE “Sad” Beam is -VE

Common Relationships
0 Constant Linear
Load
Constant Linear Parabolic

Shear
Linear Parabolic Cubic

Moment

Common Relationships
0 0 Constant
Load M
Constant Constant Linear

Shear
Linear Linear Parabolic

Moment

IMP
Type of
loading
Shear Line parallel Inclined Parabolic

Force to the straight curve
Diagram horizontal axis lines
Bending Inclined Parabolic Quadratic
Moment straight lines curves of curves of
Diagram degree 2 degree 3

Bending Moments (Types of Loading)
Q
(SFD)
0
M (BMD)
0
Example 1: Bending Moment Diagrams
P y
Mxz=P.L
A B x
L
RAy=P
P.L Mxz
Qxy P
P x
Mxz
Mxz Mxz Qxy
Qxy Qxy F  0 ;
y  Qxy  P
Q & M are POSITIVE M  0 ;

z  Mxz  PL  x 
Q xy  P; Mxz  PL  x
P y
L
P.L
A Mxz B x
x Qxy
P
P Shear Force
+ve Diagram
Qxy 0 (SFD)
Bending
Mxz 0 Moment
-ve
Diagram
-P.L (BMD)
To find sx and deflections, need to know Mxz.
Example 2: Macaulay’s Notation P y
a b
A C B x
P b
R Ay  Pa
a  b R By 
x a  b
P
a
P b A Mxz
a  b  Qxy
Pb
M 0 ;  Mxz  P x  a  x   0
z
a  b
Pb
 Mxz  x   P x  a 
a  b
Where x  a can only be +VE or ZERO.
P y
a b
A C B x
Pb Pa
a  b  x a  b 
Pb
(i) When x  a : Mxz  x   P x  a  1
a  b 0
Pb
(ii) When x  a : Mxz  x   P x  a  2
a  b
Mxz
BMD: Eq. 1
Pab
Eq. 2
a  b 
+ve
0 A C B
Example 3: Distributed Load Distributed Load w
per unit length
y
wL2
Mxz= A B
x 2
L
RAy=wL x
wL2
wx Mxz
2
Qxy
wL
Mxz
Qxy
F  0 ;
y
wL  wx  Q xy  0  Q xy  w L  x 
wL2 x
M  0 ;
z Mxz   wLx   wx   0
2
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials
2 Bending of Beams
wx 2 wL2
 Q xy  w L  x   Mxz  wLx  
2 2
Mxz
L
BMD: 0
-ve
x
-wL2
2
wL2
@ x  0; Mxz 
2
@ x  L; Mxz  0
L wL2
@x  ; Mxz 
2 8 Bending of Beams
Internal Reactions in Beams
• At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible

internal reactions required for equilibrium:
– normal force,
– shear force,
– bending moment. P
a b
L
– normal force,
– shear force,
– bending moment. Positive Directions
Shown!!!
Left Side of Cut M
N
Pb/L V
x
– normal force,
– shear force,
– bending moment.
Positive Directions
Shown!!!
M V Right Side of Cut
N
Pa/L
L-x
Finding Internal Reactions
• Pick left side of the cut:
– Find the sum of all the vertical forces to the left of
the cut, including V. Solve for shear, V.
– Find the sum of all the horizontal forces to the left
of the cut, including N. Solve for axial force, N.
It’s usually, but not always, 0.
– Sum the moments of all the forces to the left of the
cut about the point of the cut. Include M. Solve
for bending moment, M
• Pick the right side of the cut:
– Same as above, except to the right of the cut.Bending of Beams
Example: Find the internal reactions at points
indicated. All axial force reactions are zero. Points
are 2-ft apart.
P = 20 kips
1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10
6 7
8 kips 12 kips
12 ft
20 ft
Point 6 is just left of P and Point 7 is just right of P.

P = 20 kips
1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10
6 7
8 kips 12 kips
12 ft
20 ft
8 kips
V x
(kips)
-12 kips
96
80
64 72
48 48
32
16 24
M x
(ft-kips)
V & M Diagrams P = 20 kips
8 kips 12 kips
12 ft
20 ft
8 kips
V
(kips) x
What is the slope -12 kips

of this line? 96 ft-kips What is the slope
96 ft-kips/12’ = 8 kips b of this line?
-12 kips
M a c
(ft-kips) x
V & M Diagrams P = 20 kips
8 kips 12 kips
12 ft
20 ft
8 kips
V
(kips) x
What is the area of

the blue rectangle? -12 kips
96 ft-kips What is the area of
96 ft-kips the green rectangle?
b
-96 ft-kips
M a c
(ft-kips) x
Draw Some Conclusions
• The magnitude of the shear at a point equals
the slope of the moment diagram at that
point.
• The area under the shear diagram between
two points equals the change in moments
between those two points.
• At points where the shear is zero, the
moment is a local maximum or minimum.
The Relationship Between Load, Shear and
Bending Moment
w ( x )  the load function

V( x )   w ( x )dx
M( x )   V( x )dx

Example: Draw Shear & Moment
diagrams for the following beam
12 kN 8 kN
A C
D
B
1m 3m 1m
RA = 7 kN  RC = 13 kN 

12 kN 8 kN
A C
D
B
1m 3m 1m
7 8
7 8
V
(KN) -5
-5
7
M
(KN-m)
2.4 m -8
TYPES OF LOADS:
• A load can be classified as:
• (i) Concentrated: which is regarded as
acting wholly at one. Examples are loads P,
P2, P3 and P4 in Figure 3.1.
• (ii) Distributed Load: A load that is spread
along the axis of the beam, such as q in
Figure 3.1 a. Distributed loads are measured
by their intensity, which is expressed in force
per unit distance e.g. kN/m.

TYPES OF LOADS CONTD.
• A uniformly distributed load, or uniform load
has constant intensity, q per unit distance
(Figure 3.1. a).
• A linearly varying load (Figure 3.1 b) has an
intensity which changes with distance.
• (iii) Couple: This is illustrated by the couple
of moment M acting on the overhanging
beam in Figure 3.1 c).

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING
MOMENTS
• When a beam is loaded by forces or
couples, stresses and strains are
created throughout the interior of the
beam.
• To determine these stresses and
strains, the internal forces and internal
couples that act on the cross sections of
the beam must be found.
MOMENTS CONTD.
• To find the internal quantities, consider a

cantilever beam in Figure 3.2 .
• Cut the beam at a cross-section mn located
at a distance x from the free end and isolate
the left hand part of the beam as a free body
(Figure 3.2 b).
• The free body is held in equilibrium by the
force P and by the stresses that act over the
cut cross section.

MOMENTS CONTD.
• The resultant of the stresses must be such as
to maintain the equilibrium of the free body.
• The resultant of the stresses acting on the
cross section can be reduced to a shear force
V and a bending moment M.
• The stress resultants in statically
determinate beams can be calculated from
equations of equilibrium.

Point of contra flexure
• it is the point at which the bending moment
curve intersects with the zero line

Step 1: Draw the question fig.
with scale and 2B pencil in the
top of one side of page and draw
projection lines using 2H/1H
pensile
Step 2: Determine the unknown
forces (Reactions)
Step 3: Determine the SF at each
salient points and draw the SFD
just bellow the question fig.
Step 4: Determine the BM at
each salient points and draw the
BMD just bellow the question
fig.
Step 5: Find other unknowns
(Ex. Pt. of Contra flexure..)
Problem
• A horizontal beam 10m long carries a
uniformly distributed load of 180N/m and
in addition a concentrated load of 200N at
the left end. The beam is supported at two
points 7meters apart, so chosen that each
support carries half the total load. Draw
Shear force and bending moment diagram.
Also locate the points of contra flexure.

x= 1, y = 4.4 from left A Bending of Beams
Home work

Give the values for load, distance and couple, solve it.



Rkr 4.23
• The loading of the beam is shown in the
Fig. Find the magnitude of the clockwise
moment M to be applied at point F so that
the reaction at B will be 30 kN upward.
Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagram of this beam showing the values at
each salient points.

• A beam ABCDEF supported at B and E has
over-hangs AB and EF. The bending
moment diagram for the beam is shown in
Fig. Determine the loading diagram and the
shear force diagram for the beam.

Summary – Is anything Necessary for Revision
Generating Bending Moment Diagrams is a key skill you must revise.
From these we will determine:
• Stress Distributions within beams,
• and the resulting Deflections
www.engineering.auckland.ac.nz/mechanical/MechEng242

Home Work

Shear Force and Bending Moment

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Shear Force and Bending Moment

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING

Dr. AKASH MOHANTY

Bending Moment: S.B.

Torque or Twisting Moment: K.J.

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

2.2 Stresses in Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Recall: Axial Deformation Bending

Axial Stiffness Flexural Stiffness

Extension (u) Curvature (1/R)

Unlike stress generated by axial loads, due to bending:

sx is NOT UNIFORM through

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Qxy Qxy +ve sx

“Happy” Beam is +VE “Sad” Beam is -VE

Constant Linear Parabolic

Linear Parabolic Cubic

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Constant Constant Linear

Linear Linear Parabolic

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Shear Line parallel Inclined Parabolic

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Q & M are POSITIVE M  0 ;

• At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible

Point 6 is just left of P and Point 7 is just right of P.

What is the slope -12 kips

What is the area of

w ( x )  the load function

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

• To find the internal quantities, consider a

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

• Stress Distributions within beams,

• and the resulting Deflections

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen