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AERODYNAMICS-II
Dr.S.Elangovan
Introduction
u u (T )
h u RT T
s2 s1 cv ln 2 R ln 1
T1 2
dh c p dT
T P
s2 s1 c p ln 2 R ln 2
du cv dT T1 P1
R cv
c p cv R T2 s s
exp 2 1 2
T1 cv 1
cp
T2 s2 s1 P2
R cp
cv exp
T1 c p P1
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
q w e
Tds de pd
Tds dh dp
q
ds
T
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
1
1
T2 P2 2
R
1
T2 2
cv
2
T1 1 1 T1 P1 1
R 1
T2 P2 cp P P2 2
2
T1 P1 P1 P1 1
P
constant
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
1 m
m 2
Conservation of mass (steady flow):
1V1 A1 2V2 A2
Rate of mass Rate of mass
enters control = leaves control VA ( d )(V dV )( A dA)
volume volume
d dV dA
0
d V A
flow
V 1 2 V dV
A dA If is constant (incompressible):
A
dx dV dA
V A
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
F Fp m V 2 m V 1
p p dp
flow d
1 2
V V dV
A A dA Euler equation (frictionless flow):
dx
V2 dp
constant
2
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
Basic principle:
• Change of energy in a CV is related to
energy transfer by heat, work, and energy in
the mass flow.
dECV V 2
V 2
Q W m i ui i
gzi m e ue e
gze
dt 2 2
Fp pA W p FpV W W CV W p
m AV m v AV W p W e Wi
W p m pv
dECV V 2
V 2
Q W CV m e pe ve m i pi vi m i ui i gzi m e u e e gze
dt 2 2
dECV V 2
V 2
Q WCV mi ui pi vi i
gzi me u e pe ve
e
gze
dt 2 2
h u pv
dECV V 2
V 2
Q W CV m i hi i
gzi m e he e
gze Most important form
dt 2 2 of energy balance.
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
V 2 V 2
Q W m e he e m i hi i
2 2
dq dw he hi
Ve2 Vi2
2
T T dT h c pT
flow
h 1 2 h dh
V V dV For adiabatic flow (no heat transfer)
and no work:
dx
c p dT VdV 0
Review of prerequisite elements Cont.
Conservation laws
Conservation of mass
ddV dA
(compressible flow): m 1 m 2 0
V A
F Fp m V 2 m V 1
dP
VdV 0
Conservation of momentum
(frictionless flow):
Conservation of energy dq dw h h
V e
2
Vi 2 c p dT VdV 0
e i
(adiabatic): 2
Group Exercises 1
1. Given that standard atmospheric conditions for air at 150C are a
pressure of 1.013 bar and a density of 1.225kg, calculate the gas
constant for air. Ans: R=287.13J/kgK
2. The value of Cv for air is 717J/kgK. The value of R=287 J/kgK.
Calculate the specific enthalpy of air at 200C. Derive a relation
connecting Cp, Cv, R. Use this relation to calculate Cp for air using
the information above. Ans: h=294.2kJ/kgK,Cp=1.004kJ/kgK
3. Air is stored in a cylinder at a pressure of 10 bar, and at a room
temperature of 250C. How much volume will 1kg of air occupy
inside the cylinder? The cylinder is rated for a maximum pressure of
15 bar. At what temperature would this pressure be reached? Ans:
V=0.086m2, T=1740C.
Speed of sound
Sounds are the small pressure disturbances in the gas around us,
analogous to the surface ripples produced when still water is disturbed
P dP P P dP P
d d
T dT T T dT T
V dV V 0 V a dV
V a
m aA d a dV A
d dV P2 2 For
a P1 1 isentropic flow
P
constant
PA P dPA m a dV m a dP P
dP adV d
P
a RT
Mach Number
M=V/a
M<1 Subsonic
Distance traveled =
M=1 Sonic
speed x time = 4at
M>1 Supersonic
M>5 Hypersonic
Distance traveled = at
Zone of Source of
silence disturbance
If M=0 Region of
influence
Mach Number cont.
Original location
of source of
disturbance
Source of
disturbance
If M=0.5
Mach Number cont.
ut Original location
ut of source of
ut ut disturbance
Direction
of motion
Source of
disturbance
Mach wave:
If M=2 at 1
sin
ut M
Normal and Oblique
Shock
θ2 − θ1 = ν(M2) − ν(M1)
Rayleigh flow