Animal reproductive systems

Sexual reproduction is the creation of an

offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and
female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

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Concept 45.1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction
occur in the animal kingdom

• Sexual reproduction is the creation of an

offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm)
and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote
• Asexual reproduction is creation of offspring
without the fusion of egg and sperm

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Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

• Some invertebrates reproduce asexually by

fission (‫)התפצלות‬, separation of a parent into two
or more individuals of about the same size

Asexual reproduction of a sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima)

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 • Fragmentation is breaking of the body into
pieces, some or all of which develop into adults
• Fragmentation must be accompanied by
regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts
planarian ,‫( בתולעת שטוחה‬fission) ‫ התפצלות‬,‫למשל‬

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCNkbr6WBmQ

https://youtu.be/hTC1eNTBXvE

https://youtu.be/xb0KewzZUUs

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Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

• Budding is a simple form of asexual

reproduction found only among invertebrates
• New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing
ones

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Figure 13.2a

0.5 mm

Parent
Bud

(a) Hydra

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Video: Hydra Budding

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Figure 33.8: The life cycle of the hydrozoan Obelia

Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Reproductive
Medusa
Feeding polyp
polyp

Medusa MEIOSIS
bud
Gonad

Egg Sperm
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION
Portion of (BUDDING)
a colony FERTILIZATION
of polyps
Developing Zygote
polyp Planula
(larva)

Mature
1 mm

polyp

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Life cycle of a broadcast
spawning coral
 • Parthenogenesis is the development of a new
individual from an unfertilized egg
• Parthenogenesis is mainly observed in
invertebrates, but is observed rarely in some
vertebrates

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 P
( P ar t h
ar e
th no
en g
10 os ene
=v s
-2 irg is
0 in)
ge
ne
ra
t io
ns
Parthenogenesis in Bees

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Figure 45.4a

Parthenogenesis in Lizards

Aspidoscelis uniparens females

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Figure 13.12-5
Prophase I Nonsister chromatids
of meiosis held together
during synapsis
Pair of 1 Synapsis and
homologs crossing over
Chiasma
2 Movement to
the metaphase
I plate
Centromere
TEM 3 Breakdown of
Anaphase I proteins holding
sister chromatid
arms together

Anaphase II

Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes
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Figure 45.4b

Ovary
size
Ovulation Ovulation
Progesterone
Hormone

Estradiol
level

Time

Behavior: Female Male- Female Male-

like like
The changes in sexual behavior of A. uniparens
individuals are correlated with the cycles of ovulation.

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Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma
The “two-fold cost of sex”

Sexual couple Asexual female

Female Male Asexual

Female
Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma

• Sexual reproduction requires much investment in

courtship and finding a mate.
• https://www.youtube.com/embed/REP4S0uqEOc
• https://youtu.be/p1PID91sEW8

• Despite this, almost all eukaryotic species

reproduce sexually

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 • By producing offspring of varied phenotypes, sexual
reproduction may enhance reproductive success of
parents when environmental factors change.

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Figure 13.12-5
Prophase I Nonsister chromatids
of meiosis held together
during synapsis
Pair of 1 Synapsis and
homologs crossing over
Chiasma
2 Movement to
the metaphase
I plate
Centromere
TEM 3 Breakdown of
Anaphase I proteins holding
sister chromatid
arms together

Anaphase II

Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes
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Figure 45.1

Hermaphrodite sea slugs

From Greek mythology: Hermaphroditos, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite,

who had physical traits of male and female sexes
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1st Year
Life Stages of Gilthead Seabream

O Sex
T
O /T Reversal

O/
2nd Year

O/ T
O/T
O /T
3 Year
rd

Ambisexual stage Spawning

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
 Sex Reversal

• The transformation of an individual from one

sex to the other in adulthood.
– Protandrous hermaphroditism (sex change from
male to female).
– Protogynous hermaphroditism (sex change from
female to male).
• Sex reversal reveals the sexual plasticity and
the complexity of sex control in nature.
 Sex Determination
• Dominant genetic switch mechanism
–Male heterogamety (XX/XY)
• Environmental sex control mechanism
–Temperature
• Higher temperature favors female
differentiation (European sea bass)
–Social activities
• Post-maturational sex change, including
both protandrous and protogynous
hermaphroditism
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 Timing of Reproductive activity

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 ‫ההורמון מלטונין מופרש מבלוטת הפינאל במהלך הלילה‪,‬‬
‫בכל החולייתנים‬
‫‪Melatonin in blood‬‬

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 ‫ריכוז מלטונין‬

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Caribou
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Figure 45.7
Accessory 1 Testis
gland

2 Vas deferens
4 Ejaculatory
3 Seminal
duct
5 Penis and vesicle

(a) Male fruit fly claspers

1 Ovary

2 Oviduct
Spermatheca

Accessory Uterus
gland 3 Vulva

(b) Female fruit fly

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 a)Most insects have separate sexes with complex
reproductive systems
b)In many insects, the female has a spermatheca
in which sperm is stored during copulation

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 r/K selection theory relates to the selection of combinations of traits in an
organism that trade off between quantity and quality of offspring.

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