21STCentury Literature

from the Philippines

to the World
Dulce Luaton-Montano,RN,LPT
Billy Collins
-1941, New York.

-“the most popular poet in America”

- famous for conversational, witty

poems that welcome readers with
humor but often slip into quirky,
tender or profound observation on
the everyday, reading and writing,
and poetry itself.

- He served two terms as the US Poet

Laureate, from 2001-2003, was New
York State Poet Laureate from 2004-
2006, and is a regular guest on
National Public Radio programs.
 LITERARY ELEMENTS
-refer to the overall or universal quality or
description of any written or oral text.
6 Literary Elements of Poem:
1. Stanza
2. Rhyme
3. Rhythm
4. Word sounds
5. Figurative/Connotative Devices
6. Imagery
1. Stanza
: are series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty line
from other stanzas. They are the equivalent of a paragraph in an
essay. One way to identify a stanza is to count the number of lines.
Thus:
• couplet (2 lines)
• tercet (3 lines)
• quatrain (4 lines)
• cinquain (5 lines)
• sestet (6 lines)
• septet (7 lines)
• octave (8 lines)
2. Rhyme
: is the repetition of similar sounds. In poetry, the most common kind of
rhyme is the end rhyme, which occurs at the end of two or more lines.
It is usually identified with lower case letters, and a new letter is used
to identify each new end sound. Take a look at the rhyme scheme for
the following poem
I saw a fairy in the wood,
He was dressed all in green.
He drew his sword while I just stood,
And realized I'd been seen.
3. Rhythm
: creates the pleasant gliding effect when we read a poem. It helps
readers to travel along the lines of the poem with a certain enjoyable
tempo created by the components of rhythm.

Never in my lonely life,

Could you make it -- be my wife.
or,
If only then she had seen,
That crime and anger were to have been.
4. Word Sounds
a. Onomatopoeia: words that sound like that which they describe.
Ex: Boom! Crash! Pow! Quack! Moo! Caress...

b. Repetition: the repetition of entire lines or phrases to emphasize key

thematic ideas.
Ex: You are the way the truth and the life.
You will always be our way, truth and life.

c. Parallel Structure: a form of repetition where the order of verbs and

nouns is repeated; it may involve exact words, but it more
importantly repeats sentence structure.
Ex: "I came, I saw, I conquered."
d. Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds on the same line or stanza
Ex: Big bad Bob bounced bravely.

e. Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in the middle

or end of a line or stanza)
Ex: Tilting at windmills

f. Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds (anywhere in the

middle or end of a line or stanza).
Ex: And all the air a solemn stillness holds.
5. Figurative/Connotative Devices:
• Simile is the rhetorical term used to designate the most elementary
form of resemblances: most similes are introduced by "like" or "as."
These comparisons are usually between dissimilar situations or
objects that have something in common.
Ex: "My love is like a red, red rose."
• Metaphor leaves out "like" or "as" and implies a direct comparison
between objects or situations.
Ex: All flesh is grass."
• Personification occurs when you treat abstractions or inanimate
objects as human, that is, giving them human attributes, powers, or
feelings.
Ex: "nature wept" or "the wind whispered many truths to me"
6. Imagery
: is the name given to the elements in a poem
that spark off the senses. Despite "image"
being a synonym for "picture", images need
not be only visual; any of the five senses (sight,
hearing, touch, taste, smell ) can respond to
what a poet writes.
 LITANY
-Billy Collins

• You are the bread and the knife, • And a quick look in the mirror will show
the crystal goblet and the wine. that you are neither the boots in the corner
You are the dew on the morning grass nor the boat asleep in its boathouse.
and the burning wheel of the sun.
• It might interest you to know,
You are the white apron of the baker,
speaking of the plentiful imagery of the world,
and the marsh birds suddenly in flight.
that I am the sound of rain on the roof.
• However, you are not the wind in the orchard,
• I also happen to be the shooting star,
the plums on the counter, or the house of cards.
the evening paper blowing down an alley
And you are certainly not the pine-scented air.
and the basket of chestnut on the kitchen table.
There is just no way that you are the pine-scented air.
• I am also the moon in the trees
• It is possible that you are the fish under the bridge,
and the blind woman's tea cup.
maybe even the pigeon on the general's head,
But don't worry, I'm not the bread and the knife.
but you are not even close
You are still the bread and the knife.
to being the field of cornflowers at dusk.
You will always be the bread and the knife,
not to mention the crystal goblet and--somehow--the wine
LET’S HAVE A REVIEW!
What creates the pleasant gliding
effect when we read a poem?

“RHYTHM”
What are series of lines grouped
together and separated by an
empty line from other stanzas?

“STANZA”
What is the repetition of similar
sounds(end sounds)?

“RHYME”
 What are the
6 Word Sounds in a Poem?
Onomatopoeia
R epetition
P arallel Structure
A lliteration
A ssonance
C onsonance
 Type of Word Sound which is also a
form of repetition where the order of
verbs and nouns is repeated.

“Parallel Structure”
Type of Word Sound that repeats the
entire lines or phrases to emphasize
key thematic ideas.

“Repetition”
Type of Word Sound the repetition of
initial sounds on the same line or
stanza

“Alliteration”
Type of Word Sound that sound like
that which they describe?
Ex: Boom! Crash! Pow!
Quack! Moo!

“Onomatopoeia”
Type of Word Sound that repeats
vowel sounds (anywhere in the
middle or end of a line or stanza)

“Assonance”
 Type of Word Sound that repeats
consonant sounds (anywhere in the
middle or end of a line or stanza).

“Consonance”
 What are the
3 Figurative/Connotative Devices
in a Poem?

S imile
M etaphor
P ersonification
 Type of Figurative/Connotative
Devices that occurs when you treat
abstractions or inanimate objects as
human, that is, giving them human
attributes, powers, or feelings.

“Personification”
 Type of Figurative/Connotative
Devices that are introduced by
"like" or "as"
used to designate the most
elementary form of resemblances.

“Simile”
 Type of Figurative/Connotative
Devices that doesn’t use
"like" or "as" and implies a direct
comparison between objects or
situations.

“Metaphor”
 A Literary Element where a poem
spark off the senses
(sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell),
images need not be only visual
where any of the five senses can
respond to what a poet writes.

“IMAGERY”
QUIZ TIME!
Get ¼ sheet of paper.
(10 minutes only)
Identify what Type of Figurative/Connotative Devices
are the following:
1. “The stars in the sky blinked and winked.”
2. “You’re like a star that shines so bright.”
Choices:
3. “Your beauty is a star that shines so bright.”
4. “Your eyes are the stars I looked at night.” Simile
5. “You’re as beautiful as the stars.” Metaphor
6. “Time is Gold.” Personification
7. “The time played hide and seek with us.”
8. “Our precious time is like precious gold.”
9. “The leaves danced with the wind.”
10. “The leaves are the giver of carbon dioxide.”
Identify what Type of Figurative/Connotative Devices
are the following:
1. “The stars in the sky blinked and winked.” - Personification
2. “You’re like a star that shines so bright.” - Simile
3. “Your beauty is a star that shines so bright.” - Metaphor
4. “Your eyes are the stars I looked at night.” - Personification
5. “You’re as beautiful as the stars.” - Simile
6. “Time is Gold.” - Metaphor
7. “The time played hide and seek with us.” - Personification
8. “Our precious time is like precious gold.” - Simile
9. “The leaves danced with the wind.” - Personification
10. “The leaves are the giver of carbon dioxide.” - Metaphor
 ACTIVITY:
Write a personal poem
consisting of all
Literary Elements.
 LITERARY GENRES
-a category of literary composition.

Genres may be determined by literary

technique, tone, content or even length.
.
Literary Genres of Poem:
1. Epic Poem
2. Narrative Poetry
3. Romantic Poem
4. Dramatic Poetry
5. Lyric Poem
1. Epic Poem
: is a long, narrative poem that is
usually about heroic deeds and
events that are significant to the
culture of the poet. Many ancient
writers used epic poetry to tell tales
of intense adventures and heroic
feats.
2. Narrative Poetry
: is a form of poetry that tells a story,
often making use of the voices of a
narrator and characters as well; the
entire story is usually written in
metered verse. Narrative poems do
not have to follow rhythmic patterns.
3. Romantic Poem
: is a poetry that emphasized
intuition over reason and the
pastoral over the urban, often
eschewing consciously poetic
language in an effort to use more
colloquial language.
4. Dramatic Poetry
: is any drama that is written in verse
that is meant to be recited. It
usually tells a story or refers to a
situation. This would include closet
drama, dramatic monologues, and
rhyme verse.
5. Lyric Poem
: it has a musical rhythm, and their
topics often explore romantic
feelings or other strong emotions.
LITERARY TRADITIONS
is the passing down of stories which give
meaning to human experiences.
Every linguistic group has a literary tradition,
which is transmitted either orally or
through writing.