DATA

MODELS
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Data Model Basic

Building Blocks
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Data Model Basic Building
Blocks
1. Entity
2. Attribute
3. Relationship
4. Constraint
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ENTITY

A person, place, thing, or event about

which data will be collected and stored.

An entity is “distinguishable”.

Ex. CUSTOMER
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ATTRIBUTE

A characteristic of an entity.

Ex. CUSTOMER entity’s attributes

▸ customer last name, customer first
name, customer phone number,
customer address, and customer credit
limit.
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RELATIONSHIP

Describes an association or relationship

among entities.

Ex. CUSTOMER and AGENT

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RELATIONSHIP

Three Types of Relationships

1. One-to-Many (1:M) Relationship
2. Many-to-Many (M:N) Relationship
3. One-to-One(1:1) Relationship
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One-to-Many (1:M) Relationship

PAINTER PAINTINGS

CUSTOMER INVOICES
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Many-to-Many (M:N) Relationship

EMPLOYEE SKILLS

STUDENT CLASS
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One-to-Many (1:1) Relationship

EMPLOYEE STORE

TEACHER ID
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CONSTRAINT

A restriction placed on the data.

Ex. An employee’s salary must have

values that are between 6,000 and
350,000.
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Business Rules
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BUSINESS RULES

A brief, precise, and unambiguous description

of a policy, procedure, or principle within a
specific organization.
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Evolution of Data
Models
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Evolution of Data Models

▸ Hierarchical Model
▸ Network Models
▸ Relational Model
▸ Entity Relationship Model
▸ Object-Oriented Model
▸ Object/Relational and XML
▸ Big Data and NoSQL
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HIERARCHICAL MODEL

▸ The model’s basic logical structure is

represented by an upside-down tree.
▸ The hierarchical structure contains
levels, or segments.
▸ Segments is the equivalent of a file
system’s record type
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NETWORK MODEL

▸ the user perceives the network

database as a collection of records in
1:M relationships.
▸ the network model allows a record to
have more than one parent
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NETWORK MODEL DATABASE
CONCEPTS

▸ Schema - the conceptual organization of the entire

database.
▸ Subschema - the portion of the database “seen” by
the application programs
▸ Data Manipulation Language (DML) - the
environment in which data can be managed
▸ Data Definition Language (DDL) - A schema that
enables the database administrator to define the
schema components.
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RELATIONAL MODEL

▸ A relation (or table) is a two-dimensional

structure composed of intersecting rows
and columns.
▸ Each row in a relation is called a tuple.
▸ Each column represents an attribute.
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RELATIONAL MODEL

▸ Implemented through Relational Database

Management System (RDBMS).
▸ RDBMS performs the same basic functions
provided by the hierarchical and network
DBMS systems
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RELATIONAL MODEL
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RELATIONAL MODEL
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RELATIONAL MODEL

▸ Structured Query Language (SQL)

allows the user to specify what must be
done without specifying how.
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RELATIONAL MODEL

SQL-Based Relational Database Parts:

1. End-User Interface - the interface allows the end

user to interact with the data.
2. Collection of tables stored in the database - the
interface allows the end user to interact with the
data.
3. SQL Engine - executes all queries, or data
requests.
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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

▸ A data model that describes

relationships (1:1, 1:M, and M:N)
among entities at the conceptual level
with the help of Entity Relationship
(ER) diagrams.
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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

ER Model Components
1. Entity
▹ Entity Instance or Entity Occurrence – each
row in the relational table
▹ Each entity consists of a set of attributes
2. Relationships
▹ 1:M
▹ M:N
▹ 1:1
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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

ER Model Notations
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OBJECT-ORIENTED MODEL

▸ A data model whose basic modeling

structure is an object.
▸ Object is an representation of a real-
world entity that has a unique identity
▸ Implemented through Object-Oriented
Database Management System
(OODBMS)
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OBJECT-ORIENTED MODEL

OO Model Components
1. Objects
2. Attributes
3. Classes
4. Methods
5. Class Hierarchy
6. Inheritance
7. Unified Modeling Language (UML)
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OBJECT/RELATIONAL AND XML

Extended Relational Data Model (ERDM)

includes the object-oriented model’s best
features in an inherently simpler relational
database structural environment
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OBJECT/RELATIONAL AND XML

Object/ Relational Database Management

System (O/R DBMS)
▸ A DBMS based on the extended relational
model (ERDM)
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
▸ the standard for the efficient and effective
exchange of structured, semi structured, and
unstructured data.
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BIG DATA AND NOSQL

Big Data refers to a movement to find new and

better ways to manage large amounts of web
and sensor-generated data and derive business
insight from it, while simultaneously providing
high performance and scalability at a reasonable
cost.
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BIG DATA AND NOSQL

Characteristics of Big Data (3 Vs)

1. Volume - the amounts of data being stored
2. Velocity - the speed with which data grows and
the need to process this data quickly in order to
generate information and insight
3. Variety - the fact that the data being collected
comes in multiple different data formats
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BIG DATA AND NOSQL

NoSQL - a large-scale distributed database

system that stores structured and unstructured
data in efficient ways.
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Evolution of Data Models

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