 1.

the cell is unit of structure and function

in all living things
 2. all cells come from pre-existing cells
 Does not explain origin of first cell
(Oparin Theory, Miller experiment,
heterotroph hypothesis)
 Viruses [capsid (protein coat) and
DNA/RNA]
 Reproduction of mitochondria and
chloroplasts (endosymbiont theory)
 The light microscope made cells visible
 Robert Hook, 1665: looked at dead tree
bark
 Leeuwenhoek, 1674: microorganisms in
pond water
 Organelles too small to see
 1950s: The electron microscope, very high
resolution and magnification
 SEM (surface) and TEM (internal structure)
 Cell fractionation:
 Cells are broken up
 Centrifuge spins and separates by
density
 Increasing speeds separates smaller
structures
 Plasma/cell membrane
 Cytosol: semifluid portion where
organelles located
 Chromosome(s): genes/DNA
 Ribosomes to synthesize proteins from
genes
  DNA not membrane-bound, nucleoid
region
 0.1 to 5 μm
Prokaryotes
 Few organelles
 Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
 Archaebacteria and eubacteria

 DNA in nucleus
 Generally larger
 Membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes

 10-100μm
 All other kingdoms
 Plasma membrane allows passage of
oxygen, nutrients, wastes
 Volume grows proportionately greater
than surface area
 Membrane would be overwhelmed with
metabolism and exchange
 Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
envelope
 Pores allow movement of protein and
RNA
 Chromosomes: made of chromatin,
(protein and DNA)
 Nucleolus: protein and rRNA, makes
ribosomes
 Made of rRNA and protein
 Protein synthesis
 Free or bound to ER
 Network of membranes
 Smooth ER
 Synthesis of lipids, carb metabolism,
detox
 Stores calcium (in muscles)
 Rough ER (Ribosomes)
 Secretion of proteins (transport vesicles)
 Insulin, glycoproteins
 Proteins modified and stored
 Specialized for secretion
 Cis region (ER side)  trans region (to
other locations)
 Production of polysaccharides
 Contain hydrolytic enzymes 
intracellular digestion
 Acidic
 Material taken in by phagocytosis
 Vacuole fuses with lysosome 
phagolysosome
 Autophagy: recycling cell materials
 Tay-Sachs, missing/inactive lipid
digesting enzyme
 Food vacuoles
 Contractile vacuoles: pump out excess
water, maintaining ion concentrations
 Central vacuole in plants: storage for
organic material, ions, disposal,
protection
 Cellular respiration
 Number depends on cell’s energy needs
 Two membranes
 Cristae provide greater surface area
 Plastids (also amyloplasts, chromoplasts)
 Photosynthesis
 Two membranes
 Grana: stacks of thylakoids
 Fluid outside thylakoid is stroma
 Site of oxidation
 Enzymes that transfer hydrogen to
oxygen making hydrogen peroxide
 Break fatty acids, detoxify alcohol
 H2O2 is toxic so it’s converted to water by
catalase
 Support: maintain/ change shape,
anchor organelles
 Motility: motor proteins interact with
cytoskeleton
 Regulation by detecting mechanical
stimuli
 Microtubules
 Shape and support, motility
 Separate chromosomes for cell division
 Also make up cilia
 Microfilaments
 Support shape
 Motility: contraction in muscle
 Amoeboid movement, pseudopods
(WBCs)
 Intermediate filaments
 Reinforce shape, fixate organelles
 Protection, shape, water balance
 Microfibrils of cellulose
 Lamella is between cell walls of cells
(made of a pectins, carbs)
 Plasmodesmata: channels between cells
 Mostly glycoproteins (collagen)
 integrins (receptors in membrane):
signals out  in
 Regulate behavior, gene expression
 Mechanical and chemical signals
 Plasmodesmata: connect plant cells
 In animals:
 tight junctions: prevent leakage
 Desmosomes: keep cells together tightly
 Gap junctions: communication, similar to
plasmodesmata in plants