 Circular Shape

 Standard Egg Shape

 New Egg Shape C Sisa Nag Hanap Pa Semento sa
Recto Upang Siya’y Bumili
 Horse shoe Shape
 Parabolic Shape
 Semi-Elliptical Shape
 Rectangular Shape
 U-shape
 Semi-Circular Shape
 Basket handle shape
Normally pipes are circular
Other types of sewer shape are under special necessity for
an particular project
 Some of them are outdated
 Self
cleansing
velocity in
DWF

Selection Sufficient

of
Structurally
free board in
safe and
maximum
stable
discharge
Shapes

Easy
cleansing
and
maintenance
 C
 most used

 Preferred all types of waste

 Perimeter is the least w/ respect to the sewer of other shape

 Inner surface is smooth, hence the flow of sewage is uniform and there is no chance of deposition of suspended particles

Advantage
Disadvantage
-Easily manufactured
-Gives maximum area for a given parameter
-Most efficient since it gives greatest hydraulic mean -Self cleansing cannot be maintained at DWF
depth when running half/full conditions in combined system
-Economical since it utilizes minimum qualities of -Suitable only when variation of discharge is not large
material
- Less settlement of deposits due to uniform curvature
 E 2D

D
 Preferred for combined sewer
 Over circular shape is that it gives higher velocity during low flow of the same
capacity
 It is difficult to construct and less stable
 It requires additional bedding of brick masonry or concrete to make it stable

Advantages
-Provides slightly higher
velocity for low flows over
circular sewer equal capacity
-Effective in combined system
Disadvantages
-Unstable as small end of egg is down and has to support
weight of upper broader section
-Difficult to construct
-Expensive as mole material required
-High construction cost
-Not self-cleansing in absence of adequate gradient
 N
2D

 Preferred for Combined Sewer

D/2
 H
 This may used for large sewers with heavy discharges
 Sewer is suitable when head room construction of sewer is limited
 The invert of this section may be flat parabolic or circular
 It’s height is more than it’s width
 It’s walls most declined with semi circular arch at top
 Crown is semi-circular and can support extra external load w/o the aid and back
filling
 P
 The upper arch of the sewer forms the shape of parabola
 This may be used for carrying comparatively small quantities of sewage
 The invert may be elliptical or parabolic
 It is found to be economic in construction
 SEMI
 It may be used for soil (soft soil as it is more stable)
 It is useful only for carrying large amount of sewage
 It is adopted when sewers are greater than 1.8m in diameter or so.
 R
 Generally, it is used for covered storm water drains
 It is stable and easy to construct
 Sometimes it is used to work as a storage tank
 U
 Can be set up in a large section
 Used for combined sewer having maximum flow of storm water
 It is used for longer sewers and especially in open cuts
 The invert is form in the form of semi-circular arch.
 S
 OUTDATED
 This section gives a wider base at bottom and hence it becomes suitable for
constructing large sewers w/ less available headroom.
 OUTDATED
 In this type of sewer, the upper portion of sewer has got the shape of a basket
handle
 The bottom portion is narrower in width than the upper portion
 It carries small discharge through the bottom narrow portion and during monsoon
it runs fall
 Brick
 Concrete
 Precast Concrete
 Cast-in Situ
 Stoneware
 Asbestos Cement
 Cast Iron
 Steel
 Ductile Iron Pipes
1. UPVC Pipe (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride)
2. High Density Polythelene (HDPE) Pipes
3. Structure Wall Piping
4. Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Pipes (GRP)
5. Fiber Glass Reinforce Plastic Pipes (FRP)
6. Pitch Fiber Pipes
1. Granular Materials for trench backfill and subbase
2. Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes (PVC) Sewer
3. Steel Casing Pipes
4. Tracing Wire
5. Bury Tape
6. Geotextile Fabric