CHEMISTRY HOLIDAY

HOMEWORK
Submitted by:
CHANAKYA GATTU
HIMANSHU YADAV
KUNAL YADAV
RUDRANSH
Submitted to:
Mr .Parul Sharma
Alloted topic:
Unit 8
-Redox reactions
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REDOX
REACTIONS

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This PPT consists:-
• What is a redox reaction?
• What is oxidation and reduction? (and how to
identify them)
• What are oxidising and reducing agents?
• What is oxidation state?
• What is oxidation and reduction in terms of
oxidation state?
• How to assign the oxidation state of an atom?
• How to use oxidation state to determine which
species is oxidised / reduced
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What is aredox reaction?
• Redox – reduction + oxidation
• Both processes occur simultaneously
• Hence, one species is oxidised, another is
reduced
• So, what is oxidation, and what is
reduction?
• 3 different versions of the definition:

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 Redox

Oxidation Reduction

gain in oxygen loss of oxygen

loss of hydrogen gain in hydrogen

loss of electrons gain of electrons

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 Oxidation and Reduction
• In terms of Oxygen:
– Oxidation: Gain of oxygen in a species
• E.g. Mg is oxidized to MgO

– Reduction: Loss of oxygen in a species

• E.g. H2O is reduced to H2

– Note: It’s the gain or loss of O, not O2-

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 Oxidation and Reduction
• In terms of Hydrogen:
– Oxidation: Loss of hydrogen in a species
• E.g. H2O is oxidised to O2

– Reduction: Gain of hydrogen in a species

• E.g. O2 is reduced to H2O2

– Note: It’s the gain or loss of H, not H+

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 Oxidation and Reduction
• In terms of Electrons (OIL RIG: Oxidation
Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain):
– Oxidation: Loss of electrons in a species
• E.g. Mg is oxidized to MgO (Mg from 12 electrons
to 10 electrons in Mg2+)

– Reduction: Gain of electrons in a species

• E.g. O2 is reduced to H2O2 (O from 8 electrons to 9
electrons per O in O22-)

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 Oxidising and Reducing agent
• An oxidising agent is a chemical species
that causes the other reactant in a redox
reaction to be oxidised, and it is always
reduced in the process.
• A reducing agent is a chemical species
that causes the other reactant in a redox
reaction to be reduced, and it is always
oxidised in the process.

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Oxidising and Reducing Agents
• Remember:
– An oxidising agent is itself REDUCED when it
oxidises something
– A reducing agent is itself OXIDISED when it
reduces something

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
– Mg is oxidised, and thus is the reducing agent
– O2 is reduced, and thus is the oxidising agent

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 List of common Oxidising and
Reducing Agents

• Realise something?
– H2O2 is both an oxidising and a reducing agent!
– If a stronger oxidising agent is present, H2O2 is reducing11
 Oxidation and Reduction in ‘A’
Level
• In terms of Oxidation States:
– Oxidation: Gain in oxidation state in a species
• E.g. Mg is oxidized to MgO (Mg from 0 to +2 in
Mg2+)

– Reduction: Gain of electrons in a species

• E.g. O2 is reduced to H2O2 (O from 0 to -1 in O22-)

• Note: Oxidation states are always written in +x

or –x, never just x or x- (e.g. Oxidation State of
Mg in MgO is +2, not 2 or -2) 12
 Common Oxidation States
Chemical species Oxidation state and remarks

Any element eg Fe, O2 , S8 zero

Oxygen in any compound -2 except in peroxides example H2O2 or Na2O2 then oxygen atom has
oxidation state of -1 or in F2O , then oxygen atom has oxidation state
of +2

Fluorine in any compound -1 being most electronegative

Hydrogen in any compound +1 except in metal hydrides example NaH then hydrogen atom has
oxidation state of -1 as metals have a greater tendency to lose
electrons

Chlorine, bromine, iodine -ve oxidation state if bonded to less electronegative element eg

NaCl; then Cl = -1.

+ve oxidation state if bonded to more electronegative element eg

ClO- , then Cl = +1; ClO3- , then Cl = +5

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 Determine the oxidation state
of…
* Sum of all oxidation states of all atoms =
Overall Charge of molecule / ion / atom

1) H in H2O
Let the oxidation state of H be x.

Thus, in H2O, 2x + (-2) = 0

x=1
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 Determine the oxidation state
of…
* Sum of all oxidation states of all atoms =
Overall Charge of molecule / ion / atom

2) N in NH4+
Let the oxidation state of N be x.

Thus, in NH4+, x + 4(+1) = +1

x = -3
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 Determine the oxidation state
of…
* Sum of all oxidation states of all atoms =
Overall Charge of molecule / ion / atom

3) S in S2O32-
Let the oxidation state of S be x.

Thus, in S2O32-, 2x + 3(-2) = -2

x = +2
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 Determine the oxidation state
of…
* Sum of all oxidation states of all atoms =
Overall Charge of molecule / ion / atom

4) Cr in Cr2O72-
Let the oxidation state of Cr be x.

Thus, in Cr2O72-, 2x + 7(-2) = -2

x = +6
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 Example 1
M nO 4   5 Fe 2  8 H 
  M n 2  5 F e 3  4 H 2O

+7 +2 +2 +3

Let the oxidation state of Mn be x.

Thus, in MnO4-, x + 4(-2) = -1
x = +7
• Manganese is reduced from oxidation
state of +7 in MnO4- to +2 in Mn2+, while
iron is oxidised from oxidation state of +2
in Fe2+ to +3 in Fe3+. 18
 A Special Redox:
Disproportionation
• Definition:
A disproportionation reaction is a redox reaction in
which one species is simultaneously oxidised and
reduced.

Cl  2 O H 
ClO

Cl

 H 2O
2

0 +1 -1

• Chlorine is simultaneously reduced from oxidation

state of 0 in Cl2 to -1 in Cl-, and oxidised from oxidation
state of 0 in Cl2 to +1 in ClO-.
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 Disproportionation Reaction
• Example:
Is this a disproportionation reaction?
NH 4 NO3 N2O  2H 2O
-3 +5 +1

• This is NOT a disproportionation reaction

• Disproportionation requires that the same atom
is both oxidised and reduced simultaneously.
• In this case, different atoms (of nitrogen) are
oxidised and reduced.
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 Non-redox reactions
• The oxidation states of the elements
remained unchanged in the following
reactions:
• Neutralisation reactions:

NaOH  HCl NaCl  H 2O

CuO  H 2 SO4 CuSO4 H 2O

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 Non-redox reactions
• The oxidation states of the elements
remained unchanged in the following
reactions:
• Precipitation reactions:

CuSO4(aq)  2NaOH (aq) Cu(OH ) 2( s)  Na2 SO4(aq)

2KI(aq)  Pb(NO3 ) 2(aq) PbI2( s)  2KNO3(aq)

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 Non-redox reactions
• The oxidation states of the elements
remained unchanged in the following
reactions:
• Complex formation:

Cu NH 3 4 (aq)

Cu 2 (aq)  4NH 3(aq) 
2

ligand Tetraammine
copper(II) complex
(deep blue solution)

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 Non-redox reactions
• The oxidation states of the elements
remained unchanged in the following
reactions:
• Another reaction:

 H 2 O 2CrO 4  2H 
2 2
Cr2O 7

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 Balancing redox reactions
• To make calculations in redox titrations,
you need a balanced equation

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 Balancing redox reactions
• Example:
Try to balance the following reaction by
trial and error.

MnO   H O  H  
 Mn 2  O  H O
4 2 2 2 2

• Possible answer:
  2
MnO4  H 2 O2  2H  Mn  2O2  2H 2 O
2MnO   4H O  4H   2Mn 2  3O  6H O
4 2 2 2 2

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 Balancing redox reactions
• Example:
Try to balance the following reaction by trial and
error.

MnO  H O  H  Mn2  O  H O
4 2 2 2 2

• Actual answer:
2MnO   5H O  6H  
 2Mn 2  5O  8H O
4 2 2 2 2

• Note: You might not even be told at the

beginning that H+ is reactant, H2O is product.
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 The half-equation method
• Write down the given reactants and products of the reaction
• Identify the atoms in the given species that are undergoing oxidation
/ reduction and construct the unbalanced oxidation / reduction half-
equations
• Balance both the half-equations using the following steps:
– Balance the “odd” atoms (“odd” atoms refer to atoms other than
oxygen and hydrogen)
– Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O molecules
– Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions
– Balance charges by adding electrons
• Multiply the balanced half-equations by appropriate integers such
that the number of electrons in both half-equations are equal
• Add the resulting half-equations together, and eliminate any
common species on both sides to obtain the balanced equation.

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 The half-equation method
• Example: Balance the following reaction:

MnO  H O Mn 2  O
4 2 2 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 1: Write down the given reactants
and products of the reaction

MnO  H O Mn 2  O
4 2 2 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 2: Identify the atoms in the given species
that are undergoing oxidation / reduction and
write the unbalanced oxidation / reduction half-
equations
MnO   H O Mn 2  O
4 2 2 2

Reduced Oxidised

• Reduction half-equation: MnO4 Mn2

• Oxidation half-equation: H 2O2 O2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance the atoms undergoing oxidation /
reduction

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO4 Mn2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O
molecules

• Reduction half-equation:
MnO4  Mn2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O
molecules

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO Mn2  4H O
4 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO Mn2  4H O
4 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H  Mn 2  4H O
4 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance charges by adding electrons

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H  Mn 2  4H O
4 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance charges by adding electrons

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H   5e Mn2  4H O
4 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:

• Reduction half-equation:
MnO4   8H   5e Mn 2  4H 2O

• Oxidation half-equation:
H 2O2 O2
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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance the atoms undergoing oxidation /
reduction
• Reduction half-equation:

MnO4   8H   5e Mn 2  4H 2O

• Oxidation half-equation:

H 2O2 O2
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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O
molecules
• Reduction half-equation:
MnO4   8H   5e Mn 2  4H 2O

• Oxidation half-equation:

H 2 O2 O2
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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO4   8H   5e Mn 2  4H 2O

• Oxidation half-equation:

H 2 O2 O2
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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H   5e Mn2  4H O
4 2

• Oxidation half-equation:
H O O  2H 
2 2 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance charges by adding electrons

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H   5e Mn2  4H O
4 2

• Oxidation half-equation:
H O O  2H 
2 2 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the
following steps:
– Balance charges by adding electrons

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H   5e Mn2  4H O
4 2

• Oxidation half-equation:
H O O  2H   2e
2 2 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 4: Multiply the balanced half-equations by
appropriate integers such that the number of
electrons in both half-equations are equal

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H   5e Mn2  4H O
4 2

• Oxidation half-equation:

H O O  2H   2e
2 2 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 4: Multiply the balanced half-equations by
appropriate integers such that the number of
electrons in both half-equations are equal

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H   5e Mn2  4H O
4 2

• Oxidation half-equation:

H O O  2H   2e
2 2 2

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 The half-equation method
• Step 4: Multiply the balanced half-equations by
appropriate integers such that the number of
electrons in both half-equations are equal

• Reduction half-equation:

MnO  8H   5e  
 Mn 2  4H O x2
4 2

• Oxidation half-equation:
 
H 2 O2 O2  2H  2e x5

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 The half-equation method
• Step 4: Multiply the balanced half-equations by
appropriate integers such that the number of
electrons in both half-equations are equal

• Reduction half-equation: x2

2MnO  16H   10e  
 2Mn 2  8H O
4 2

• Oxidation half-equation:
 
H 2 O2 O2  2H  2e x5

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 The half-equation method
• Step 4: Multiply the balanced half-equations by
appropriate integers such that the number of
electrons in both half-equations are equal

• Reduction half-equation: x2
   2
2MnO4  16H  10e 2Mn  8H 2O
• Oxidation half-equation:
x5
 
5H 2 O2 5O2  10H  10e
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 The half-equation method
• Step 5: Add the resulting half-equations together,
and eliminate any common species on both sides
to obtain the balanced equation.

• Reduction half-equation: x2
   2
2MnO4  16H  10e 2Mn  8H 2O
• Oxidation half-equation:
x5
 
5H 2 O2 5O2  10H  10e
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 The half-equation method
• Step 5: Add the resulting half-equations together,
and eliminate any common species on both sides
to obtain the balanced equation.


16H+ 10e 
2MnO4 +6H 2Mn 2  8H 2 O
 5H 2 O2   5O2  10H  10e

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 The half-equation method
• Step 5: Add the resulting half-equations together,
and eliminate any common species on both sides
to obtain the balanced equation.

• Balanced Equation:

16H+ 10e 
2MnO4 +6H 2Mn 2  8H 2 O
 5H 2 O2   5O2  10H  10e

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 The half-equation method
• Step 5: Add the resulting half-equations
together, and eliminate any common
species on both sides to obtain the
balanced equation.

• Balanced Equation:

2MnO   5H O  6H  2Mn2  5O  8H O
4 2 2 2 2

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THANK YOU

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