Discovering

Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Communications

• Computer communications describes a process in

which two or more computers or devices transfer
data, instructions, and information

Communications
Sending device Receiving device
channel

Page 460 2
Data Communication System Components
• Message
• Sender
• Receiver
• Medium
• Protocol

3
Communications

Pages 460 – 461 4

Figure 9-1
Uses of Computer Communications

Blogs Chat rooms E-mail Fax

Instant
FTP Internet Newsgroups
messaging

Video
VoIP Web Wikis
conferencing

Page 462 5
Uses of Computer Communications

• Users can send and receive wireless messages

using wireless messaging services

Pages 462 – 463 6

Figure 9-3
Uses of Computer Communications

Text messaging (SMS) allows users to send and receive short

text messages on a phone or other mobile device or computer

Picture messaging allows users to send pictures and sound files

Video messaging allows users to send short video clips

Wireless instant messaging allows wireless users to exchange

real-time messages with one or more other users

Pages 463 - 464 7

Uses of Computer Communications

• Wireless Internet access points allow people to connect

wirelessly to the Internet from home, work, school, and
in many public locations

Pages 464 – 465 8

Figure 9-4
Uses of Computer Communications

• A cybercafé is a coffeehouse, restaurant, or other

location that provides personal computers with
Internet access to its customers

Page 466 9
Figure 9-5
Uses of Computer Communications

• A global positioning system (GPS) is a navigation system

that consists of one or more earth-based receivers that
accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to
determine the GPS receiver’s geographic location
• GPS receivers are:

Built into Available as a

Available with
many mobile handheld
new vehicles
devices device

Page 466 10
Uses of Computer Communications

Page 467 11
Figure 9-6
Uses of Computer Communications
Groupware
• Helps groups of people work
together on projects and
share information over a
network
• Component of workgroup
computing
• Major feature is group
scheduling
Page 467
Voice mail
• Allows someone to leave a
voice message for one or
more people
• Computer in voice mail
system converts an analog
voice message into digital
form
• A voice mailbox is a storage
location on a hard disk in the
voice mail system
12
Uses of Computer Communications

• Many programs provide a means to collaborate, or work

online, with other users connected to a server
• Collaboration software includes tools that enable users to
share documents via online meetings and communicate
with other connected users

Document
Online Web
management
meetings conferences
systems

Page 468 13
Uses of Computer Communications

Page 468 14
Figure 9-7
Uses of Computer Communications

• Web services enable

programmers to create
applications that
communicate with other
remote computers over
the Internet or on an
internal business network
• A mashup is a Web
application that combines
services from two or
more sources

Page 469 15
Figure 9-8
 Data Communication
Data communications is the exchange of data (in
the form of 0s and 1s) between two devices via
some form of transmission media.
Data Communication deals with the transmission
of signals in a reliable and efficient manner.
Effectiveness depends on three characteristics:

 Delivery
 Accuracy
 Timeliness

16
Data Communication System Components
• Message
• Sender
• Receiver
• Medium
• Protocol

17
Simplified Communications Model - Diagram

18
Simplified Data Communications Model

19
 Why Networking?
• Point to point communication not usually
practical

– Devices are too far apart (very expensive)

– Large set of devices would need impractical
number of connections

• Solution is a communications network

– Wide Area Networks
– Local Area Networks

20
 Network
• A group of computers and other devices connected by
a cable, telephone line or other media capable of
sharing files and other resources between several
users.

• It is collection of computers, usually personal

computers, that share hardware, software and data.

• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as

nodes) connected by media links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of
sending and/or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network. The links connecting the device
are often called communication channels.

• The concept of connected computers sharing

resources is called networking. 21
 Network Applications
 Marketing and sales  Distributed
 Financial Services Processing
 Manufacturing
 Distributed
 Electronic Databases
Messaging
 Directory Services  Faster Problem
 Information Services Solving
 Teleconferencing
 Cellular telephone
 Security through
Redundancy
 Cable television

22
 Network Criteria

 Performance
 Number of users
 Type of transmission media
 Hardware
 Software
 Reliability
 Security

23
Classification of Networks

LAN (Local Area Network)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

24
Local Area Network

25
Metropolitan Area Network

26
Wide Area Network

27
Internetwork
(Internet)

28
 Networks Architecture
• The design of computers, devices, and media on a
network is sometimes called the network architecture

Client/server network Peer-to-peer network

29
 Networks Architecture

• P2P describes an Internet network on which users access

each other’s hard disks and exchange files directly over
the Internet

30
Page 475
Figure 9-15
 P2P vs. Client/Server Model

Client
Client
Client Client
Client

Client
server server Client Peer-to-Peer model

Client Client/ Client/

Client Client/
Server Server Server
Client
Client
Client/
Server Client/
Client/server model Server

Client/
Server Client/
Server
Client/
Server Client/
Server
31
 Network Topologies

• A network topology refers to the layout of the computers

and devices in a communications network

32
 Star Topology
Star network

33
Bus Topology
Bus network

34
 Ring Topology
Ring network

35
Mesh Topology

36
Hybrid Topology

37
 Internet Topology

• Internet topology is the network topology of the Internet. The

Jellyfish and Bow Tie models are two attempts at modeling
the topology of Internet.

38
Jellyfish

39
Bow Tie

40
 Communication Functions
 The transport across a network of data from a process in
one machine to the process at another machine.

 The routing and forwarding of packets across multiple

hops in a network

 The transfer of a frame of data from one physical

interface to another

41
Post System
Hello …

42
 Data Communication

Web Surfing www.yahoo.com

Card
Card

Internet

43
 Implicit Requirements

A must know B’s address

B should understand A’s language
The service should be available in both
A and B’s cities.
There should exist a path between A
and B’s cities.

44
 ISO OSI Reference Model

• A set of protocols is open if

– protocol details are publicly available
– changes are managed by an organization whose
membership and transactions are open to the
public
• A system that implements open protocols is
called an open system
• International Organization for Standards
(ISO) prescribes a standard to connect open
systems
– Open System Interconnect (OSI)

45
 Layering
• Grouping of communication functions into
related and manageable sets is called layers

• The concept that network software is organized

functionally into levels is called layers.

• A clearly defined service and interface allows a

layer to invoke a service from layer below without
regard to how the service is implemented by any
of the layer below.

• A complex problem is broken into smaller,

simpler pieces 46
 Protocols
• Protocol - Rules governing data communications

• Protocol Stack or Protocol Suite - Sets of

network protocol layers working together

• Packets - Piece of a message to be transmitted

• Frames - Logical groups of information formatted

as a continuous series of bits

47
Distributed implementation of layer functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

Departing airport

arriving airport
luggage (check) luggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

intermediate air traffic sites

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing 48
49
Summary of Layer Functions

50
51
 SEA-ME-WE-4
South East Asia–Middle East–Western Europe-4
(SEA-ME-WE 4)
53
• SEA-ME-WE 4
– Cable type Fibre-optic
– Construction beginning 2004
– Construction finished 2005
– Design capacity 9.2 Tbps
• SEA-ME-WE 5
– design capacity of 24 Terabit per second (Tbit/s)
almost six times of Pakistan’s current capacity
– SEA-ME-WE 5 completed in December 2016

54
End of the Lecture

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