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Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Logical channels

RLC RLC RLC (What is transmitted)

Medium Access Control (MAC)

Transport channels
(How it is transmitted)
Physical Layer

Physical channels
(Code,frequency,etc)
 
4 Protocol ± Set of certain basic rules
4 WCDMA protocol stack is based on OSI (open system interconnection)
reference model
4 OSI reference model ,developed by ISO, is a ³„ ³„
„  
„º

„º
Each of this layer performs certain tasks on the data to make it travel
from one device to another over a networkº These tasks at each layer,
prepare it for the next layerº
   This is the layer that actually interacts with
the userº For example if the user chooses to transfer files or read
messages , application layer interfaces with the operating systemº
systemº
 
  Layer 6 takes the data provided by the
Application layer and converts it into a standard format that the
other layers can understandº
!

 Layer 5 establishes, maintains and ends

communication with the receiving deviceº
"#
 This layer maintains   of data ,
means that if data is coming from more than one application ,
transport layer integrates it into a single stream for the physical
networkº It also provides error checking and recovery of data
between the devicesº
$% ± This layer determines the way that the data will
be sent to the recipientº Logical protocols, routing and addressing are
handled hereº
&
 This layer assigns the physical protocol to the dataº
Also, defines the type of network and the packet sequencingº
'
 This is the level of the actual hardwareº It defines
the physical characteristics such as connections, voltage levels and
timingº
For WCDMA the lower 3 layers are most important:
Layer 1: Physical layer This layer is responsible for transporting data
across the available physical path (radio link)º Main jobs of physical layer
are :
1º Forward error correction(FEC)
2º Interleaving
3º Transport channel multiplexing
4º Channel quality measurements
5º Synchronization
6º Spreading , scrambling, modulation
According to the  


, the physical layer has 2 interfaces to
the higher layers

1º To the data link layer (which is situated directly above the

physical layer),with which data is exchanged in the form of transport
blocks on    
The transport blocks contain the user
data and control data which are exchanged via the radio channel
between the base station and UEº

2º The physical layer also has a direct communications interface to

the part of the layer which is responsible for managing the radio
resources iºeº the RRC(Radio resource control)ºUsing this interface ,
the RRC directly controls the work of the physical layerº And vice
versa, the physical layer directly transmits information about the
current channel quality to the RRC, based on which RRC undertake
suitable measures in case the connection quality dropsº
4 Some important measurements which physical layer must perform and report to
RRC are :

Measurement Explanation Mode Evaluation

CPICH Ec/No Energy per chip/ RSSI Idle / Connected Periodic Or Upon Request

CPICH RSCP Received Signal Code Idle / Connected Periodic Or Upon Request
Power

RSSI Received Signal Strength Connected Periodic Or Upon Request

Indicator

TrCh BLER Estimate of BLER on Rx Connected Periodic Or Upon Request

Transport channel

UE TX Pwr UE Transmit power Connected Periodic Or Upon Request

4 Layer 2 : Data link layer ± It is the upper neighbor of the physical
layerº  

divides it into the radio link control (RLC) and the
medium access control(MAC) layerº It delivers data block by block to
layer 1 via transport channels (or fetches the data when receiving)º

4 In the other direction, layer 2 communicates with the adjoining

network layer via 


4 The RLC and MAC layers have the following essential functions:
1º Mapping of logical channels on transport channels
2º Selection of the transport format based on current needs
3º Data encryption
4º Error protection as a function of the desired QOS
5º Acknowledgement of data blocks and requests for retransmission in case of
errors
4 Layer 3 : Network Layer(RRC Layer): RRC layer is directly above the
layer 2 and is responsible for radio resource controlº The main RRC
tasks include :
1º Broadcasting of system information
2º Establishment and clear down a RRC connection
3º Management of radio connections
4º Cell selection in IDLE mode
5º Querying and evaluation of physical layer measurements
 c
 (%%)

4 Channels are simply a tool for specifying and describing the various
communication and data related servicesº Various type of data is
exchanged between UE and base station over the radio channelº To
characterize this different type of data , we refer to different channelsº

There are 3 different types of channels in WCDMA ±

1º Logical channels : Used for communication between Layer 3

(RRC) & Layer 2 (RLC/MAC)º Depending on the information
content ,logical channels are characterized into   


 *  (%%)

Control Channel (Signaling) Traffic Channel

(User Data)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Dedicated Traffic
(DTCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Common Traffic

Channel (CTCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

  


4 Broadcast control channel ( BCCH) : Point to multipoint ,DL

It is a broadcasting channel that supplies all the UE¶s with basic cell
and network parameters(egº Frequency lists , code lists etc)º
4 Paging control channel(PCCH) : Point to multipoint ,DL
It transports paging informationº
All the UE¶s are required to regularly read the information on the
BCCH and on the PCCH
4 Dedicated control channel (DCCH) : Point to point ,UL/DL
DCCH is provided in parallel to a DTCH for point to point signaling
during an active connection
4 Common control channel ( CCCH) : Point to multipoint ,UL/DL
It enables access by a UE to the UTRAN
 #++  (%%)

4 Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH): Point to point ,UL/DL

DTCH is used to transport user data from Node B to a specific UE
and vice versaº This means it is ³dedicated´ to a specific subscriber
4 Common traffic channel (CTCH) : Point to multipoint ,DL
It transfers dedicated user information for all , or a group of specified
UE¶s
 #
 

4 Characterizes ³HOW´ data is transported over the air interface º Each
transport channel is accompanied by the Transport format
indicator(TFI)º The physical layer combines the TFI information of
different transport channels to the Transport format combination
indicator(TFCI)º
It is not necessary to transmit the TFCI for fixed data ratesº
4 Organize & Pack data from different services from the higher layers
for suitable transportation
4 Unpack incoming data and sort for delivery to upper layers
4 Offers flexible data speeds and channel encoding Efficient usage of
radio resources

 #
 
DCH (
edicated annel) Bi directional channel for transporting both ³dedicated ´ user and
control data; carries DTCH & DCCHºDCH is characterized by fast
data rate change on a frame by frame basisº

#
 
BCH (,roadcast annel) Downlink; Transports BCCH to UE; Always transmitted using the
same transport format in entire cell

FACH (+orward ccess annel) Downlink; Transports small amount of data from
BCCH/CCCH/DCCH/CTCH to either a specific UE or over the
entire cell

PCH (aging annel) Downlink; Transports data from PCCH to UE over entire cell

RACH (andom ccess annel) Uplink; Used by UE for initial access to UTRAN

CPCH ( ommon acket annel) Uplink; Used by UE to send packet data to UTRAN

DSCH (
ownlink hared annel) With DSCH, user may be allocated different data rates,For example:
384kbps with SF 8and 192kbps with SF16ºDSCH may be mapped
to a multicode case,Ex 3channelisation codes with spreading factor
4 provide a DSCH with 2 MBPSº
    ##
 

R 

BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH CTCH DTCH

BCH PCH CPCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH

R  

BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH CTCH DTCH

BCH PCH CPCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH

 
 


4By varying the SF, physical layer matches transmission rate

to the current transport channel dataº

4 Actual data transmission over the air

  #
#
  

BCH PCH CPCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH

PHYSICAL

P CCPCH S CCPCH PICH PCPCH PRACH PDSCH DPDCH

AP AICH AICH P/S SCH DPCCH

CSICH
CD/CA ICH
 
  
00 
 % - .

    

  +.
/ 


CPICH Common CPICH Channel Downlink Reference channel for estimation of received signal strength & quality; Fixed bit 256 / 0
pattern which is stored in Physical layer; Determines coverage of a cell
P CCPCH Primary Common Control Downlink Responsible for transmitting BCCH logical channel within the cell; Every UE 256 / 1
Physical Channel knows this and can decode system information as soon as it acquires the SC
S CCPCH Secondary Common Control Downlink 1) Carries Paging data to UE for incoming call Both Variable
Physical Channel 2) FACH transport channel also transmits small data or control
messages
Both PCH & FACH data can be multiplexed and sent together
PRACH Physical Random Access Uplink Used by the UE for call setup; UE sends a preamble to Node B and on receipt,
Channel Node B sends an immediate ACK or NACK on downlink AICH or AP AICH
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Uplink Used by UE for packet data transfer involving small quantities
Channel
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Uplink / Used for dedicated mode transfer of user data (from DCH) & associated control SF varies
Channel Downlink data (from DCCH) to & from UE between 4 &
256
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Uplink / Used for dedicated signaling to and from UE; To ensure coherent detection it SF 256
Channel Downlink contains both necessary pilot symbols & commands for fast power control
P/S SCH Primary / Secondary Downlink Used for WCDMA cell search and timing synchronization; %0
 N/A
Synchronization Channel
/ 
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Downlink Used by multiple UEs to get out of any bottlenecks in transmission capacity on
Channel downlink; eºgºº Data from DSCH can be transmitted to various UEs multiplexed
together
PICH Paging Indication Channel Downlink Paging messages are indicated to the intended UE by use of bit masks; On
positive identification, UE starts reading S CCPCH to find page

AICH Acquisition Indication Channel Downlink Determines whether system can be accessed or not; Uses simple bit sequences
for operation
AP AICH Access Preamble AICH Downlink UTRAN uses this to confirm reception of acquisition preamble sent by the UE on
the PCPCH
CSICH CPICH Status Indicator Downlink Channel informs UE about current availability of CPCH uplink transport channel
Channel for packet data use
CD/CA Collision Detection / Channel Downlink UTRAN uses this channel to inform UEs about any packet collisions on the
ICH Assignment Indicator Channel uplink & also about the current assignment of the packet data channelº
 Channel Switching:
To optimize the use of radio resources allocated to the User Equipment (UE),
according to the amount of data that needs to be transmitted in uplink and
downlinkº

Channel Switching only applies to ÷


÷ 


„÷
÷÷ 


÷because :

4It belongs to the R


÷ 
Quality of Service classes, which
1º has little or no quality of service(QOS) attribute requirementsº
2º no guaranteed bit rates
3º and no packet delay requirementsº

4 Large traffic variations : For example web browsing, E mail, and file transferº
After a web page has been downloaded and the user is reading the page, there
is very little data to transferº Data requirement changes once the user requests
a new web pageº

Consequently, it is not efficient to reserve dedicated resources continuouslyº

Channel Switching is achieved by switching the interactive RAB users between
different transport channel typesº Channel Switching only handles switching
between transport channels, and the logical channels are not affectedº

Common transport channels : Whenever a user has a small amount of data to send
or receiveº Maximum of 32 kbps is shared between the users in a cellº

Dedicated transport channel : When the traffic handled by the UE is largeº

Supported bit rates are 64/64, 64/128, 64/384
# 
    

4 Channel switching algorithm

4 Soft Handover: when RL addition fails due to admission denial,

and ongoing transmission is either 64/128kbps or 64/384kbps, a down
switch is triggeredº

4 Admission Control: down switch when resources needs to be

freed up for new usersº

4 Congestion Control: down switch when needed to solve a

congestion situationº
,#
 

4 CELL_FACH
UE is able to transmit control signals and data packets on the common
transport channelº RACH in the uplink direction and FACH for downlink
directionº
Suitable for carrying common control information and are shared by all users in
the cellº
A maximum of 32 kbps is available for user data transmissionº

4 CELL_DCH
Characterized by allocation of Dedicated Transport Channels to the UEº
Reserved for 1 user and provides closed loop power control, well suited for
high bit rate trafficº
For single interactive RAB, 64/64, 64/128, 64/384 kbps are availableº
  ,#
 

4 CELL_DCH to CELL_DCH
CELL_DCH 64/384 to CELL_DCH 64/128
CELL_DCH 64/128 to CELL_DCH 64/64
CELL_DCH 64/128 to CELL_DCH 64/384
CELL_DCH 64/64 to CELL_DCH 64/128

4 CELL_DCH to CELL_FACH

4 CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH 64/64 kbps

4 CELL_FACH to Idle Mode

      

4 Channel Switching Algorithms determine for each interactive RAB

whether it is necessary to switch a UE from one transport channel
to anotherº

4 Channel Switching Algorithms receive measurements from either

UE or RNC, depending on the behavior of UL and DLº

4 Channel Switching Algorithm consists of the following sub

algorithms
Common to Dedicated Evaluation
Common to Idle Evaluation
Dedicated to Common Evaluation
Dedicated to Dedicated Evaluation
Coverage Triggered Down Switch Evaluation
Thank you for your participation!